Journal of Language Studies

Abstract In English, there are many ways of expressing politeness which take a wide range of discussion. Opinions and points of view are greatly varied in their understanding of politeness. This research aims at discussing some theories and patterns of politeness, and at giving some examples of politeness from the most respected book for Muslims, Arabic and foreign Muslims, the Holy Quran that has a great effect on them. To conduct the research and to achieve its aims, the following are to be hypothesized: 1. Politeness theories proposed by many linguists like Grice and Lakoff-especially the rule of the Pragmatic Competence in making the addressee feel good-affect greatly the rules of social interaction conducted by many people. 2. The Holy Quran is the base on which Muslims depend in extracting laws and rules of speech acts.

Abstract The choice of Al-Nahhas's objections to Abi Obeida is due to the fact that Abi Obeida is weak at syntax and conjunctions and the relation of the conjunctions to the neighbouring words in the holy Qua'an which was attributed to him. Abu Obeida considered this idea a grave mistake. The aim of the paper, therefore, is to shed light on the questions af Al-Nahhas's objections to Abi Obeida's syntactic and linguistic opinions.

Abstract Literary texts can be interpreted as dreams. That is, the same mechanisms used to interpret dreams apply to literary texts as well. Both can be seen as manifestations of the unconscious mind. This paper attempts to interpret James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man through one of the mechanisms of dream interpretation, condensation. Dream condensation is similar to literary metaphors that could produce compact images.

Abstract Stated by Aristotle in his Poetics, tragic flaw is one of the main characteristics of the tragic hero, a weak point within his personality that leads him to commit fatal mistake during the events and that is what causes his decline. In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the tragic hero, Macbeth, is motivated to embrace evil and to be criminal for he is not immune in the opposite of his diseased will to extort the throne. Under the influence of this flaw, Macbeth degenerates from a respected man of great honour to an isolated murderer and then to the expected conclusion, death. The aim of this research is to examine the recalcitrance, one’s illegitimate ambition, as Macbeth’s tragic flaw in depth throwing much light on its significant role in bringing about the idea of treason, killing king Duncan, in Macbeth’s mind and, then, committing the crime.

Abstract The majority of content words do not have a single meaning for each; rather they associate to a number of senses. When these senses are semantically incompatible in non-neutral contexts, they are then homonymous; otherwise, they are polysemous where polysemous words have an underspecified meaning that encompasses their different senses. To reliably differentiate between these two lexical relations helps very much in the improvement of the retrieval process.

Abstract This study aims at assessing the techniques that the teachers of English in secondary schools use in teaching vocabulary in secondary schools. The current study hypothesizes that teachers of English vary in using different techniques in teaching vocabulary, and the second hypothesis is: teachers suffer from teaching new vocabularies. This study is limited to techniques of teaching vocabulary used by teachers of English in the secondary schools, for the academic year 2016-2017. A sample of this study consists 30 teachers of English from Tikrit in secondary schools is involved in this study. A questionnaire is constructed to assess teachers techniques in teaching vocabulary. Finally, data are collected and analyzed statistically.

Abstract The clause is a unit lower than the sentence in the hierarchical rank scale of units though, like the sentence, it has a subject and a predicate. Some sentences may contain only one clause and are, therefore, called simple sentences, while others that include more than one clause are called non-simple sentences (compound, complex). The current study focuses on the second type and specifically the complex sentence which typically contains two clauses one of which is the main clause while the other is subordinate since it functions in the structure of the main clause to realize one of four functions, namely, subject (S), object (O), complement (C) or adverbial (A). Subordinate clauses (SCs) can be classified into two categories: nominal SCs and adverbial SCs. The former can function as S, O or C whereas the latter can function as A only. However, some SCs belong to different classes and realize different functions. The study tries to shed light on complex sentences in Arabic since they have not been investigated before. In fact, grammarians of Arabic do not acknowledge the existence of complex sentences in Arabic at all. The study, therefore, tries to prove that complex sentences and ultimately SCs exist in Arabic just like other live languages. It aims at listing the categories of SCs in Arabic and the functions that can be achieved by each of these categories.

Abstract Al-Summah: The grammatical rule is the final template to be followed in the creation of a sentence useful to the Sunan Arabs in their words, and this rule has been defined by the determinants that are controlled by the grammatical rule, so as not to be confused with another rule, and does not enter the base what was out of them, It is a condition that is required by the rules of the rule, even if it is not a participant in the ruling or any of its obligations, but it is necessary whether or not to nullify it.

Abstract This paper is a study of the thresholds in Faraj Yaseen's collection Thursday Stories. These stories were written and published on Thursdays of each week in the social networks. The most important thresholds available are (title, initiation, conclusion). The researcher has set these thresholds and studied them and revealed the relations that link between these thresholds and revealed the role assigned to them in directing the signs. The text in its entirety, perhaps this Group characterized by heavy code that suggests it and the breadth of the topics dealt with.

Abstract I chose for this research texts from the pre-Islamic Poetry of Abi al-Balaji to shed light on exaggeration (eegal). The eegal is one of the mechanisms of redundancy, which is combined with the metaphorical image to give it precise details that distinguish the face of the alum and distinguish it and give it beauty and depth that fascinates the recipient to the world of those details.

Abstract The title plays an essential role in understanding the intrinsic meaning of the literary work and what it conveys to the receiver. It is one of the important elements of the text, whether it is a literary text or a different one. Its important lies in the fact that it is the first threshold through which one can penetrate to the text landmarks and discover what it might be, and then provide a modernist vision based on one of the approaches of modern Criticism. The question is: Does the title have any influence on the semantic aspect of the Arabic poem? The paper will trie to answer this question by dealing with one of the most important poets, the Iraqi poet Hussein Mardan, whose poems were well known than any other Iraqi poet.

Abstract This paper is a study of Al-Samin Al-Halabi's book Omdat-el-Huffadh in the Interpretation of the Most Honourable Utterances. The book begins with the definitions of Harf (letter) according to the prominent Arab grammarians and then moves to show the types of Arabic letters such as (weak) and (strong); (meaningful) and (meaningless); (active) and (inactive); (stressed) and (unstressed)…etc. Al-Samen's method is to convey the opinions of Grammarians concerning this subject.