Journal of Language Studies

Abstract The paper investigates the frequency and the impact of using Functional formulas in EFL students` fluency and accuracy used in English teaching in College of Education for Human Sciences (Ibn Rushd), English Department. This study aims at finding out the frequency of formulaic sequences’ in students` fluencyaccuracy skills, whether or not the student differences in the functional formulas in fluencyaccuracy competences,and investigating differences in types formulaic sequences in fluencyaccuracy skills. The instruments are (observation and essay writing) used in investigating the fluency through using observation whereas in accuracy using essay testing. With 100 functional formulas, on eighty students second year at English Department. The different communication skills differ in functions of functional formulaic. And there is no statistical significant difference between learners’ proficiency levels. Research results show that the frequency of functional formulaic in the (fluency) is significantly higher than that of the (accuracy). These findings are obtained by using independent t-test, SD, Means, which revealed the information obtained from functional formulaic enables teachers to provide learners more effective instruction in fluency and accuracy development.

Abstract Acquiring grammatical morphemes is the main part in language acquisition. Brown (1973), de Villiers and de Villiers (1973) and Larsen-Freeman (1975) mentioned that there is a natural order of acquisition of grammatical morphemes in English. This study investigates the development of acquisition of {-s pl.}, {-s ps}, and {-s 3d} by Iraqi EFL learners and to find out if Iraqi EFL learners follow the same order of acquisition. It is also to differentiate between male and female learners in their acquisition. The study was based on a grammaticality judgment test that was administered for 30 participants each academic year specifically in May 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016 respectively. The results of analysis present the average of the percentage of identification of grammatical morphemes concerned. The average displays that the acquisition of {-s 3d} more fulfilled, with an average (66.583%), than {-s pl.}, {-s ps} which are (58.083%) and (50.25%) respectively. Also the results show that Iraqi male and female learners have the same order of acquisition of grammatical morphemes but there is a difference in the averages obtained which reveals that Iraqi female EFL learners acquire these 1 {-s pl.}: noun plural, {-s ps}: noun possessive, {-s 3d}: present third-person (Stageberg, 1981:92) grammatical morphemes better than male.

Abstract Being a growing religion throughout the world, Islam is increasingly becoming the ghost which threatens to shatter the established norms of the Western thinking. Islamophobia, hence, grew as a doctrine which designates fear and antagonisms towards Islam as a religion and a system of cultural behavior. It has been widely represented in English literature throughout various literary ages. This paper is concerned with Islamophobia in Edmund Spenser‟s epic poem The Faerie Queene (1595), which is ranked among the greatest works in the history of English literature. Spenser employs this work to represent his biased attitude to Christianity and to portray the tyrannous reign of Muslims. The paper argues that Islamophobia, as a concept, is recently conjured; however it is very old as an ideology in the history of the human race since it represents the Western mindset which is based on the prejudice and hatred of the „other.‟ The faerie Queen, which is set in the medieval ages, reflects a religious antagonism towards Muslims who achieved great victories over the Crusaders in Jerusalem. The paper, for this reason, questions whether the term of Islamophobia which is a modern one is fit to describe the prejudiced tone against Muslims in a sixteenth century work. It employs Edward Said‟s discourse of the binary opposition, which has been tackled in his outstanding book Orientalism, as a theoretical framework. It also comes across his book covering Islam in order to argue that Islam has been portrayed as a „form of heresy‟, synonymous with terrorism and religious hysteria.

Abstract This research investigates the novella written by Charles Dickens to highlight the concept of the spiritual journey of transformation. Mysticism is an approach found in most of Dickens‟ writings. The vital one which is under current study is ‘A Christmas Carol‟ (1843). The research illustrates a representation of the title and the purpose of its choice. However, the main theme that is investigated is the symbolic spiritual journey held by the three spirits. In his novel, Dickens tries to highlight that the transformation from a stingy rich businessman into a humanist is only through spirituality. According to the seventeenth century, the mystical type boomed in England (Spurgeon, 1970). Subsequently, Dickens is affected by this thematic function and tries to portray this in his writings. Starting from an emotional barricade at the first chapter, Dickens underscores that the spiritual journey is the door leading to the salvation and redemption. He pinpoints that moralities are not restricted only to the religious occasions. However, mysticism must be an approach in human life to enter Heaven.

Abstract Linguistics, the science which studies the humanitarian languages scientifically, tackled from its beginning in the 19th century certain linguistic aspects such as, Phonetics, Syntax, Morphology, and Semantics. In the course of time, this science has witnessed continuous developments so as to include other lingual disciplines and secondary lingual sciences, like Historical Linguistics, Psycholinguistics, Contrastive Linguistics, not to mention the other lingual sciences and theories, such as Language Acquisition and Learning, Discourse Analysis, Stylistics and others. In spite of the fact that all these disciplines have come about from General Linguistics, still there is a field which needs a great deal of study and concern, namely the effect of the religious texts or religion in general on language. It is a well-known fact that different religious interpretations and exegeses, especially those dealt with Divine religions, created sectarian outlooks which led to blood sheds in European Christian communities since the middle ages and recently amongst Arab and Muslim peoples. This can be attributed to the lack of understanding languages since they are pregnant with rich heritages of their own, something which requires the need of dedicating a new branch of linguistic study, namely Religious Linguistics. The oriental linguists, whether Muslims, Christians and Jews can contribute greatly in this field of studies since these Jewish, Christian and Islamic holy books were basically written in their Hebrew, Aramaic/Syriac and Arabic respectively, and had different translations and exegeses. Such a new field, then, will lead to revise the holy books, their exegeses, rhetoric, idioms, style and all their lingual aspects scientifically, and to more understating, harmony and rapprochement between all the followers of these religions.

Abstract The study aims to consider the literary philosophy behind the process of acquiring a standard of knowledge and culture through literature and specifically tragedies. It tries to show with details the merits of dealing with literary classes in the process of teaching English at college grade. The study presents Miller's Death of a Salesman as an example to improve and update the learner's knowledge and culture. The mechanism of teaching drama will not be discussed as it may deviate the reader towards other criteria that are not sought by the study because the purpose is purely literature.

Abstract The relationship between linguistic studies and the jurisprudence of jurisprudence is an undeniable relationship. The Arabic language hates the language of the two legal texts that contain the religious provisions. The fundamentalists emphasized the necessity of mastering the jurisprudent and the diligent of linguistic sciences, and linguistic studies influenced fundamentalists in the development of fundamentalist rules and interpretations.

Abstract Women represent a human element in which life can only be achieved through which it is a fundamental pillar in the poetic formation. Therefore, it has received great prestige and attention from poets since poetry emerged as a mirror reflecting the image of life that can not be sustained without women. The poets of different ages and intellectual orientations have paid attention to them, and they have appeared in two forms, the real picture derived from the nature and role of women in life, and the mythological symbolism as a life companion and a symbol of poetry. This research, which is tagged as "the image of women in the poetry of the Islamic era", deals with the study of this vital subject in the poetry of the poets, wh ich came in two axes: the first represents the image of women in the poetry of the bulls and their importance in the life of the Arab and the poet at this stage, Subject to it in society, and its characteristics and characteristics, in which the poet tried to reflect the nature of the vision of women in this age.This research, which is tagged as "the image of women in the poetry of the Islamic era", deals with the study of this vital subject in the poetry of the poets, which came in two axes: the first repr esents the image of women in the poetry of the bulls and their importance in the life of the Arab and the poet at this stage, Subject to it in society, and its characteristics and characteristics, in which the poet tried to reflect the nature of the vision of women in this age.The second axis deals with the nature of the relationship with women (beloved, wife, daughter, mother) among poets poets in the Islamic era, as reflected in the poetry of the pharaohs image of the relationship in dealing with women in all manifestations in the life of the Arab and the lives of poets.