Journal of Language Studies

Abstract Because of the importance of the theory of modern (Almuhajja) in the extrapolation of our Arab heritage, we decided to research the mechanisms applied to the poetry of one of the most prominent flags of Andalusian thought, bin of the Bundesian alAndalusi in an attempt to monitor how to convince the recipient and research in the sanctuaries of poetry and energies of Almuhaja in the purposes of Ibn Hazm's poetry Argument is an artistic method as it is a rhetorical style employed by the poet in building his poetic speech and by provoking the recipient and pushing him to intensify the search for the hidden meanings that the poet tries to convey, as it is a linguistic peculiarity that makes it say and makes it stand up to the poetic level. The poetic language is primarily metaphorical language aimed at News as you do and enjoyment by moving to the static and usual of them in a wonderful way we hardly touch the words and complexity,, and thus achieve the argument these two goals (persuasion and pleasure) and show the efficiency of poets and the difference of poetry and the counterpart may be a disgraceful feature of you Or to turn it into quizzes Thus, rhetorical techniques play a very important role in supporting argument which is not used by the poet just for the sake of the aesthetic beauty only; it is used for affecting and convincing the reader.Researching in the type of argument used in poetry, we can distinguish between argumentative and nonargumentative poetry.

Abstract The modern age is prolific of literary movements and literary genres. Documentary poetry, which can be considered a new genre, combines both primary source material, such as war, political events, terrorism, people in detention and many other events with poetry. Amiri Baraka is a contemporary American poet whose poem "Somebody Blew up America" belongs to this genre. It records the September 11 blowing up of the Trade Centre from a perspective different from what the American propaganda and mass media tell the world. The recent paper attempts to shed light on Amiri Baraka's attitude towards this event, the reasons behind it, the real terrorists and the intentions behind this terrorist event according to this poem. The poet argues that the American government knew beforehand that the Trade Centre was going to be blown up and they took no action to prevent the catastrophe and, in this sense, they were partners in the crime. Furthermore, he accuses the Americans of blowing up the trade centre. The paper is divided into three sections and a conclusion. Section One is Introductory; it sheds light on documentary poetry, its characteristic features and practitioners. Section Two is a biographical note of Amiri Baraka paying special attention to his attitude to American politics based on domination, persecution and genocide. Section Three gives a detailed analysis of "Somebody Blew up America" as a documentary poem recording the September 11 blowing up of the Trade Centre with the aim of finding a pretext to invade other countries. The paper concludes that this event happened according to a well-made plan in cooperation with the American government and the CIA as partners.

Abstract This paper is an attempt at applying techniques of critical discourse analysis (henceforth CDA) techniques on some local Arabic political speeches, using van Dijk (1995-2006) as a model for data analysis. The study aims at investigating the way social power, abuse, are exercised by politicians in their speeches. The analysis reveals that most of the techniques related to the meaning, argumentative and rhetorical levels have been employed in Al-Abadi speech delivered on the occasion of Kurdistan Region Referendum on 25th Sept.2017 to persuade the audience of his ideopolitical agenda.

Abstract The current study is concerned with the analytic pragmatic level of swearing in Arabic with reference to English.It tests the behavior of oath in both languages. The analysis of swearing aligns with the speech act theory developed firstly by Austin (1962) and developed later by Searle (1975). Giving oath is about giving a promise or a commitment by which the speaker obliges to a future action. The performative act of swearing in both English and Arabic is illocutionary with maintaining the locutionary and the perlocutionary acts. The study also proves that the felicity condition is satisfied through having a happy utterance in terms of swearing. In addition, as long as the cooperative principle is met, the Gricean maxims are well-established throughout this study.

Abstract This research is based on the study of the novel universe, which is based on the elements of novel construction (event, character, time, place) in Ibrahim Hassan Nasser’s “Blood Beaches… Salt Beaches”, one of the novels of war in contemporary Iraqi literature. The study was based on the analyzing the event, its coordination and composition, personality patterns and narrative features, time paradox, and finally the element of place and its effect on a war novel. This study seeks to reveal the richness of these elements and their effective role in enriching the setting.

Abstract The dramatic structure in poetry means the employment of as much as possible of the elements of drama such as time, place, action, characters, conflict and the actual use of dramatic verbs and poetic images. Thoug dramatic elements can be generally found in any poetic text, what is meant by the dramatic structure here is the conscious and intentional existence, i.e. the poet intentionally uses the dramatic values and makes them evidently functional to develope his poem's structure and deepen its poetic expression. These dramatic elements may appear in the poetic work without affecting the form of the poetic genre or changing it into a play, for instance. This means that a poem remains a poem whatever dramatic elements were employed in it. Hakim Al-Dawudi's poetry i rich with the elements of the dramatic structure which deepens movement, action, dramatic development and the linguistic and imagist conflict. In this paper some of his poems of dramatic nature are selected for analysis from hi two collections The Time of Love and A Time as Stranger.

Abstract In the English language there are many models of the teaching English language, Flip teaching model one of the modern models. The current study aims at investigating to which extent the flip teaching model effected on the achievement of Iraqi preparatory pupils. To succeed the study and to fulfill its aims, hypotheses are posed as the following: 1. There are no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental groups pupils whom are taught according to flipped teaching model and the control groups pupils whom are taught according to lipped teaching model. 2. There are no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental groups in the pre-test and their scores mean in the post-test 3. There are no statistically significant differences among Iraqi preparatory pupils‟ achievement according to their field of specialization.To achieve the aims and verify the hypotheses, the researchers have adopted a number of procedures as the following: Presenting a theoretical background of the flip teaching model as well as lip teaching model. Selecting randomly samples of Iraqi preparatory pupils as subjects for conducting A written pretest has been conducted and presented for both groups to assess the pupils' achievement in reading, writing, listening and speaking skills. 1. The experimental group has been exposed to the flip teaching model. 2. Both groups are exposed to a post-test to find out whether the flip teaching model have any role on pupils' achievement in English learning skills. 3. Data of the post-test and results have been presented, and have been analyzed on the basis of which conclusions and recommendations have been give The sample of the current study consists of (88) pupils derived from four sections chosen from „Maysaloon Preparatory School for Girls‟. The fifth stage consists of four sections; section (A) randomly selected to be the experimental/ Scientific group, section (B) has randomly chosen to be the experimental / Literary group, section (C) has randomly chosen to be the control / Scientific group, and section (D) has randomly chosen to be the control / Literary group. Each section consists of (22) pupils. To analyze the obtained data, different statistical methods have been used, namely OneWay Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Scheffe Test, weighted mean and Percentiles mean to measure the pupils‟ posttest achievement.

Abstract This research deals with the modern world and the literary and nonliterary influences that shaped the world in the twentieth century. These influenced the two outstanding poets to write their well-known-poems, especially Yeats’s “The Second Coming” (19191) and Eliot’s “Sweeney Erect” (1919), furthermore; it deals with the strong connection between the two poets and their two interlinked poems. It is also a critical reading about W. B. Yeats’s poem “The Second Coming” (1919), and the destructive world in the aftermath of the First World War is delineated and the behaviour and attitudes of the modern man in the twentieth society is pinpointed. T. S. Eliot’s poem, “Sweeney Erect” (1919), is critically interpreted in detail. Moreover, the infidelity and the hypocrisy of modern man in the modern world and the absurdity of the modern life are presented throughout the poem. Finally, the researcher concluded that there is a strong connection between the two poems as they show the life of the modern man which is not harmonious, and people become senseless about the crisis of the human being that is why Yeats thinks that it is the time for the return of Christ to teach them about their sordid and absurd life. Reader-Response Analysis and Textual Analysis Approaches are used in the analysis of the poems.

Abstract The contextual and semantics study is important of linguistic studies especially in the scope of this study is Glorious Qura.an For this reason would lilke to study context and semantics in the Glorious Qur'an. The title of this paper is the meaning of term of "substitute" in the Qur'anic context. The term of ( substitute ) in the Qur'anic context has many conceptions and meanings and through the meanings of Change, death alteration, renewal of situation, selection and compensation giving and substitution. These conceptions include stable and moveable and we study these and compare between opinions of scientists and interpreters.

Abstract This research paper attempts to study the Negro problem of identity and existence in the postwar American Negro novel with special reference to the saga of survival and invisibility of a nameless young black man in Ralph Ellison‟s Invisible Man. The core of this study tackles the desperate quest, this man is living in a blind, nihilistic, and a racist American world, which denies his existence, and reduces him almost to a non-entity making him ever more restless, possessed and exhausted.