Journal of Language Studies

Abstract Taking into account the dimensions of language learning as well as the contexts, which adapt to their forms of dependence in communication or in the promotion of ways of acquiring knowledge, extends to include all cognitive pathways that the learner can activate in the processes of the possession of all the linguistic knowledge for one or more languages. It seems that taking language learning into account according to linguistic pluralism and the cultural diversity, which characterizes certain contexts, leads us to seek the limits of the interaction between the cultural aspect structuring linguistic specificity and the cognitive requirement, in which we understand the constants of the regularity of its elements and their mental functioning. This could be of great importance in our reflection on "bilingualism", and the cognitive strategies that bilinguals activate to manage the variances and / or similarities characterizing the two linguistic systems and the methods of treatment and representation (implicit or explicit) activated in their possession. In this work, we will move away from any treatment of "bilingualism" with a social and political orientation, and we will not adopt an analytical approach that depends on the domain of language policy, on "linguistic capital". We will focus rather on the diversified theoretical foundations of the phenomenon in order to contribute - in various forms - to enable field research based on Language learning processes, in the contexts of bilingualism, the management and correct understanding of data, and good reading of the results and their justifications.

Abstract Sara Kane's (1971-1999) name is almost always associated with “In-Yer-Face Theatre because her plays belong to this new type of drama. The present paper attempts a Psychoanalytic Study of Sarah Kane's play Blasted aiming at discussing the new sensibility, 'in-yer-face theatre', presenting Sarah Kane as a typical example and then interpreting her play psychoanalytically by applying Sigmund Freud's theories of psycho-analysis. The paper falls into three main parts: The first section gives a brief theatrical background of the play; the second is devoted to Sarah Kane's Blasted. It provides a plot summary of the play and Section Three is a psychoanalysis of the play applying Freud's concepts and theories of psychoanalysis. The paper ends with a brief conclusion which sums up the results of the study.

Abstract This paper examines the controversial disagreement among schools of Arabic syntax; according to which, the syntactic components and rules classified and investigated thoroughly. The research tries to answer the following questions: What is meant by controversial disagreement on syntax? And what are the reasons behind it? What is the true nature of syntax schools? What are their types? What are the negative and positive impacts of that controversial disagreement? The paper traces back the controversial disagreement on Arabic syntax and defines its advantages. There are several previous studies dealing with this question, however; this research paper examines the linguistic and terminological aspects of that disagreement among schools of Basrah, Kufa, Baghdad, Andalusia, and Egypt. Despite their disagreement, the syntax schools have one aim: serving the syntax and keeping it flawless. Through this paper, it is attempted to present all these aspects. It concludes and confirms that disagreement on syntax among grammarians is a normal issue, which confirms the fact that syntax is flawlessness. Thus, one can say that having different viewpoints does not necessarily harm syntax; however, it makes it more solid and flawless. Furthermore, the disagreement among the syntax schools has positive and negative impacts in enriching Arabic syntax.

Abstract Despite the truth that some modern dramatists have serious endeavors to originate a fondness for poetic plays after a long time of absence, it is T. S. Eliot who is able to propound its theory and to found the tradition of this drama. His Murder in the Cathedral is the first poetic tragedy in the modern age that is structured in full-length. The recent research is an attempt to examine in depth the main character of this play, Thomas Beckett, and the aim is to investigate the inseparability between his asceticism and bravery that enables him to confront his self-will and then the tyrant king, Henry II. For being necessary to institute the proper background of the study, the reader is provided with the essential information concerning the development of drama in verse as well as Eliot's great efforts to revive it. In summing up the researcher concludes that expressing courage by the Archbishop comes to be the natural consequence of defying mundane affairs. Followed by a bibliography that encompasses the references, the endnotes come at the end of this treatise.

Abstract The study deals with the relation of substitution, which is one of the constructional linguistic ties that contribute in textual cohesion by forming a textual net which helps interpreting and understanding the text. Substitution works at grammatical and lexical levels to achieve textual cohesion. Understanding the substituted items is achieved by returning to the previous ones. The problem is represented in finding substitutional expressions in the Qur'an texts and identifying their types as it is not an easy task for those who are not specialized with Arabic and Qur'anic studies as well as revealing to which extent they can achieve textual cohesion inside surah to avoid redundancy which resulted from repetition. This study aims at finding the role of substitution in the Qur'anic textual tying and achieving textual unity in order to enable readers to read the Glorious Qur'an and to facilitate its understanding for native and non-native speakers or readers and finding out the Qur'anic miracles, styles and systems through cohesive devices as well as knowing the way of textual building and cohesion. The study depends on two hypotheses which are: 1- substitution is a prominent device in cohesion which works at the grammatical and lexical levels and 2- the Glorious Qur'an has a variety of these devices which plays a vital role in tying texts in their surah grammatically and lexically to facilitate understanding without repetition. The adopted model in the study is Halliday and Hassan (1976) who suggest the types of substitution. The study depends on descriptive and analytical methodology which describes the ties of text that lead to consistency and cohesion.

Abstract The self-revelations in Al-Sharif Al-Murtadha's poetry were a mixture of the temporal and the spatial which was called "spatiotemporal". The term "spatial' is associated with the interpretation of human philosophical thought and its development, the environment to which man belongs relying on the attitudes revealed through individual experience and the feelings and senses. The creative (spatiotemporal) text is based on technical and mental features that arise from the text itself. To achieve the goal of the study, each concept is examined separately in order to clarify the image and the movement of the self to the recipients. The paper is divided into two sections: The first is devoted to the associations of the self in the temporal expressions and the second to the associations of the spatial expressions. The study concludes that the self and its different images is the axis that numerous poems of the poet are focused upon and that they reveal an aesthetic sense based on creative principles.

Abstract In spite of the growing interest in co-teaching in teacher education programs, there is a paucity of research on its use and effectiveness in the Kurdish context. This paper aims to address this gap by investigating Kurdish EFL teachers’ and students’ perspectives toward implementing co-teaching model in English department in the academic year 2019-2020. To achieve this aim, a focus group interview with 5 teachers was carried out to elicit the required data. As for the students’ perspectives, a questionnaire was used to obtain the data. The data was analysed quantitatively. The study revealed that Kurdish EFL teachers had appositive perspectives toward co-teaching model; furthermore, the teachers also showed approving perspectives toward implementing co-teaching in their department. Hence, co- teaching model can be regarded a promising pedagogical practice for future use.

Abstract The openness or transcendence between the humanities and its tendency at the present time to care for knowledge in all its forms represents an exceptional case produced by the great revolution of globalization that worked to represent a new dominant culture that transcended the geographical borders of different countries, cultures, and nationalities, which in turn led to the subject of culture and related to the negative and positive sides. It is a major topic in most human sciences, and on this basis of the frequent relations between the cultures of peoples, new concepts and terms such as margin, center, femininity, masculinity, colonial discourse and beyond, and an intellectual, authority, and cultural criticism in all its forms, starting from the moment when the modern critical discourse approaches the creative text in terms of discovery of contours, contexts that are contrived or distorted and included, and the role of the language or creative text in not transforming itself into a social, cultural, or political document, not only modern critical approaches have started in the direction of awareness, perceptions and investment in the creative text, shifting the topic of the creative text from the aesthetic and cultural subject to the subject matter. The impact of humanities that have been associated with knowledge such as cognitive sociology, cognitive psychology, the concept of metaphor, cognitive linguistics, programs of neurological studies, biological theory, and artificial intelligence plays an important role in representing a reference or successor benefiting from cognitive criticism, and perhaps these various references have influenced the identification of the term, concept, and procedural critical practice in terms of turmoil, and shadowiness of the term, as well as the diversity of cognitive critical visions of the text that lean on different paths, including the path of cognitive or cognitive linguistics, and the other path on philosophy The concepts and perceptions presented by George Lykov, Mark Johnson and other philosophers who inaugurated an important stage in the formation, production and circulation of this term in the Western incubator, and perhaps these problems in terms of term, concept and procedure have had a direct impact on modern Arabic critical discourse which caused a state of confusion and problem In terms of naturalization, selection and legalization.

Abstract Interaction is becoming more important in English learning. It is in relation with the need of the ability of the students to communicate in English. Success or failure in classroom language learning typically has something, if not absolutely everything, to do with the nature of interaction that takes place during lessons. Language learning is the result of opportunities for meaningful interaction with others in the target language. Learning to interact in English means learning to communicate in English. Interaction is an important aspect in language learning because it is what people do in daily lives. This research aimed to describe and interpret the meanings of classroom interaction. The instructor interacted with individual students by accepting feeling, praising or encouraging, accepting or using ideas of the student, asking questions, lecturing, giving directions, reminding noisy students, and helping the student's work. In relation to the English lesson, the students interacted with their friends by talking about the activity asked by the teacher, discussing the teacher's questions, and asking about difficult words or expressions.

Abstract This paper is an attempt to re-read texts of poetic necessity from a new perspective depending on delving deeply into the syntactic structure and the extent of the syntactic unconscious directed by the formal restrictions of the poet and to explore the connotations of this attitude and relate them to their context and to reveal aesthetic aspects achieved according to them.

Abstract Mysticism and its relevant associate, mystic, are so complicated words and concepts that dealing with them needs a very minute care and pierce look and observation. To worsen the case, eastern and western centers of knowledge differ in some aspects about the two concepts and even sometimes are at odds with each other. This study, therefore, is an attempt to clarify the bridge between the two camps in this respect and show the cases and states in which they differ as far as mystic and mysticism are concerned. The study hypothesizes some key resemblance and other disagreements due to the religious impacts on each party. It tries to reach possible conclusions through five sections that discuss the hypothesis in brief. It goes through some definitions of the concept, its origin in the east and the west, and some types of mysticism. The result is a good number of conclusions like the fact that for the English mystic poet, man is God and God is man; while their Kurdish counterparts stress that the spirit that dwells within man is divine because it is sent by God. These attempts and achievements were done thanks to a number of first hand English and Kurdish academic sources about the subject.

Abstract The phonetic phenomenon enriches poetry with generosity and energies that are not limited to uttering expressions and their connotations on lexical meanings, but also include the meanings of this terminology that expresses the hopes and pains of the poet, and meets the need for text in the expression, this comes with rhythms that mimic the sounds of nature, in an audio form where the senses share all of them to touch the phenomena of beauty in them, and the focus of the research was on forming the mental image before drawing its features with words in a tangible and imaginative expression. The study also focused on the vocal picture through sounds, movements, and verbs, as well as the suggestion through sensory perceptions. The study of the phonemic phenomenon is not limited to the vocabulary in which the poet formulates his expression in an expert or constructive manner, but the effect of the sounds of words occurs by keeping them from influencing the soul, through the harmony of the letters in the phrases and their damaged to express the reality of the situation. Therefore the study gave this matter an area of interest because the sound is evidence of what the mind of poet implies.

Abstract Nineteenth-Century American writers endeavored to establish a distinct literary tradition away from the dominant European canon, particularly after the War of Independence. They found in their new environment and local color a source of inspiration. Still, they also drew on Greek myths to comment on social issues and to frame their works within these legendary realities that are noted for their universality and aesthetic nature. For instance, rewriting and allusions to the myth of Pandora and her box can be found in the poems composed by both male and female American poets of the time. This research deals with the use of this myth in selected poems by Nineteenth-Century American poets, namely Emily Dickinson’s “Hope Is the Thing with Feathers”, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s “The Masque of Pandora”, Samuel Phelps Leland’s “Pandora’s Box”, and Harriet Jane Hanson Robinson’s The New Pandora. It aims at investigating the difference in the use of this sexist myth in the writings of these male and female poets.

Abstract This paper attempts to trace mysticism in T.S. Eliot’s Four Quartets with a special focus on the mystical elements in the poems with their relevant dimensions. It also aims at looking at different literatures around Eliot’s works which consider Eliot as an atheist poet whose earlier writings contain secularist ideas but that only his Four Quartets and ‘Ash Wednesday’ contain some differences to faith, with the aim of proving that Eliot was not an atheist writer. This paper also looks at the mystical aspects of Eliot’s Four Quartets which shift into a deeper aspect of life that is Sufism. No studies have been done on this significant aspect of his Four Quartets The study also aims at presenting the answer that Eliot proposes to the problem of the people in the twentieth century through analyzing the hidden meanings of his poems.

Abstract This paper deals with words that accepts two types of parsing only in Wazir Abi 'Asim bin Ayoub Al-Batlimousi's commentary on Imru' Al-Qais's poetry because there are many words in this commentary that accept more than two types of parsing but they are not the concern of this paper. The paper is divided into three sections: The first deals with words that can be indicative or accusative; the second with words that can be indicative or genitive and the third with words that can be accusative in two ways. The last part of the paper is the conclusion which sums up the results of the study.

Abstract Political discourses always carry various messages to the public. This can be done through many tools used by decision makers in order to manipulate or persuade the public. Topos (plural is topoi) is tool of developing argumentation in political discourse. It is a part of any political speech used either to persuade people, show the politician's upper hand or produce successful speeches. This paper will discuss the conceptualization of topoi as part of political discourse. It also studies the usage of topoi in Al-Abadi's weekly statement during Basra crisis of 2018. Protests in Basra were the most serious seen in Iraq during Al-Abadi's era because of the importance of the city as a heart of some world's largest oilfields. The paper also shows how Al-Abadi utilizes topoi in his speeches to deal with this robust crisis. Methodology of analysis will be Ruth Wodak's Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA) 2011. DHA is designed to integrate systematically all the available background information in the analysis and interpretation of the many layers of written or spoken texts.

Abstract This critical study aims at showing the extent of the Arab poet's interest in animals and his attachment to them. It concentrates on the poet's relation to animals in the Pre-Islamic and the early Islamic ages when symbolism was a daring beginning for new poetic texts containing consciousness, will and illumination to emply symbols in that poetic epoch in which poet proved their existence against the changing atmosphere., therefore is divided into two sections: the first deals with the she-camel as symbol and the second is devoted to the symbolism of other animals. The last part of the paper is the conclusion which gives a summary of the results of the study.

Abstract Self-Criticism as a „process of looking and judging [one‟s] faults and weaknesses‟ is a highly recommended and laudable practice that aims at self-improvement and self-betterment. In his poetry, Robert Lowell, is engaged in a life-long process of criticizing and digging de ep into his actions and behaviors. This paper is an exploration of self- criticism as a value and practice in selected poems by Lowell. It argues that although Lowell‟s engagement in this practice does not result in overcoming his personal sense of frustration and betterment, it does contribute to maturing his poetic output.

Abstract This paper deals with a number of techniques and parallel texts on which the modern poem relies, such as whiteness, title, opening and conclusion. The paper examines the poems of one of the young contemporary poets, Nidhal Al-Qasim. The researcher applied the reader-response approach in his analysis of the poems depending on the role of the recipient in deciphering the code of the texts because these texts are based on implication and suggestiveness.

Abstract This paper adopts the descriptive analytic method to analyse the type of simile used in Faraj Yaseen's collection of short stories: The Father's Post and how he utilized the elements of the surrounding environment –by using simile—to paint an effective portrait which participated in conveying and illuminating the meaning of his work. He employed human nature, as well as spatial, universal and animal nature to draw his similes believing that such similes can be employed to what normal language cannot render explicitly because violates the logic of familiar language and this violation –undoubtedly—creates wonder and defamiliarization because simile is part of the total image related to wonder tales and it forms, at the same time, one of its distinctive stylistic features and this sematic aspect is able to dismantle the elements of reality and then rearrange them in a new effective image.

Abstract Proverbs are among the most prominent pillars of culture, and the best way to know the ideas, cultures, morals and relationships of nations. Proverbs were a source of attention for researchers as one of the branches of literature. Proverbs are similar in many languages, particularly those from a single linguistic family. But even though the Persian language and the Arabic language do not descend from the same family, the similarity between them in this field is large and striking to the extent that it is difficult to say with certainty that the origin of these similar proverbs belongs to either of them. This can be attributed to a number of reasons, the most prominent of which is the juxtaposition, trade and cultural divisions common to the two nations. The study included three sections. The first section included an indication of the history of proverbs, their codification, and their types. As for the second section, the researcher referred to the most prominent sources of proverbs and their benefits, and the last section included the most prominent methods used in translating proverbs between the Persian and Arabic languages. Among the most important findings of the researcher is that there are three cases or images of proverbs between these two languages; the first is the common proverbs in the word and the meaning, the second is the common proverbs in the meaning and different in the word, and the last proverbs that have no equivalent or equivalent between the two languages.