Journal of Language Studies

Abstract Assimilation is a phonological process where there is a change of one sound into another due to the effect of neighboring sound(s). It is one of the most important types of sound change. So in rapid, as well in slow speech, sounds tend to assimilate others in order to maintain a continuous flow of speech. This paper is focused on systematic classification of assimilatory processes found in connected speech in Arabic with reference to English. It represents a complex typology of assimilation based on 10 different analytical perspectives resulting almost in 40 types of assimilation. In addition to that, it is used as a tool for analyzing other connected speech phenomena of other languages.

Abstract The importance of this research stems from the principle of interest in the heritage of the Arabic language, especially in the late ages, which was a link between the outstanding masterpieces of clasical literature with the eleventh century AH. The essence of the attention is based on two prominent scholars, the first is Imam Ibn al-Majradi, known for his great efforts in language and for his poem "Nadhm ul- Mijradiyah". The second is (Ybork) or (Ibork) nicknamed Al- Semalali, who explained this poem with extensive commentaries that help the reader to understand what is meant by the original text. This paper, therefore, is an attempt to shed light on the linguistic thinking of that era, through examining this work and to attract the attention to the western countries of the Arab Homelend, to encourage researchers, to do further studies related to the scholars of Arabic language.

Abstract This study deals with the differences between British and American English synonyms in tourism language (i.e. hotel, travel, transportation, and so on.). And if these differences affect on the listener's understanding, or not. The problem lies in the differences between British – American English, in the language variations in (lexical synonyms ) in the regional dialect, geographical dialect, social dialect that may affect on meaning of the intended word in tourism field, because of the differences between two communities, and how these communities used these - synonyms. These variations of the Source Language British and American English (BrE and AmE) spoken by native speakers or non- native speakers may affect on the listener’s understanding (receiver’s understanding) and lose the intended meaning of the tourism synonyms. The aim of the study is to identify the language variation of BrE and AmE and the varieties of English dialects, and how are these varieties affect on the understanding of the listener and recipient in the British and American societies. Know the extent of the effect these varieties on the understanding of the listener and recipient in British and American societies.

Abstract A new literary and critical phenomenon emerged lately after the appearance of globalization and it attracted the attention of Arab critics and scholars because it raises a question about the position of Arabic literature and thought in the contemporary intellectual milieu. It also indicated that an intellectual crisis is at hand which may drive the Arab intellectual to the verge on the unknown creating disorder and confusion in his thinking by trying to thrust him into the turmoil of the information technological revolution, driving him to forget his past under the pretext of the demise of ideology, self-denial, freedom and awareness. In the field of literature and literary criticism, these nomenclatures produced new literary and critical movements which did not belong to a particular identity; on the contrary, they were close to unconsciousness and absorbed in unawareness and irresponsibility which contributed to man's loss of identity. These thoughts caused the vanishing of many principles and values of the Arabs. However, literature as an enormous organism of values retained some of them that upkept the spirit of belonging and showed the importance of identity as thought and practice which are able to bring originality back to maintain the Arabian poet's attitude to colonialist wars, cultural invasion, alienation and attempts of annihilating the Arabic identity. Mahmud Darwish is among the poets who succeeded in mingling the interior and the exterior; the past and the present of the Arabic personality. His attitude is that of the omniscient of the splendor of his personality and its unique potentialities in many of his poetic texts; he even wrote a poem entitled "An Identity Card" which will be the main concern of this paper. This paper attempts to shed light on the concept of identity and belonging and to analyze the poem to explore its aesthetic value in expressing the contemporary phase, sustaining the importance of identity and belonging, and emphasizing the necessity of identity for man as different from others in cultural, spiritual and material aspects. The paper shows, through analysis, the nature of identity and belonging, according to the poet, from aesthetic perspective. What gives the text more significance is the poet's deep personal experience in facing the attitude of anti-Arabic identity.

Abstract The ingenuity is to employ the dramatic elements in dramatizing a poem. The present paper assumes that the correlation between drama and poetry may facilitate this literary touch. Another assumption is that this sensitive relationship between these two genres lies on different circumstantial forces and necessities that are impacted by time and culture. To verify the ingenuity of creating dramatic poetry by transferring the dramatic elements into a poem, and to confirm the assumptions mentioned above, the present paper is devoted to analyze representative poems. Kenneth Koch (1925 – 2002) was an American author. He was a poet, playwright, and narrator. It may be said that he was the pacemaker of the movement of the modern dramatization of poetry. He was a nonstop writer until his death. He dramatized a great number of famous poems with important contribution in prospering the movement of dramatization of poetry like "Earth" (1959), "Thank You and Other Poems" (1962), "The Art of Love" (1975), "Duplications" (1977), "From the Air" (1979), "Days and Nights" (1982), "A Possible World" (2002), among others. It is worthy to say that most of his poems were translated into German. The present paper attempts to reach different aims concerning dramatization of poetry including declaring the literary relation of both drama and poetry, finding the way of employing the elements of drama in poetry, identifying the role of technology in supporting this movement, and stating the degree of harmony between the modern style in writing both poetry and drama. To achieve these aims, the paper chooses two different representative works by the prominent American poet, Kenneth Koch.

Abstract This study investigates the role of the stylistic analysis in increasing the comprehension of the EFL students of the poetic texts. It focuses on presenting some linguistic categories of three poems of Thomas Hardy. These poems are preceded by a a test and followed by the same test. Then, it compares and measures the answers of the subjects to judge whether there is any improvement in their interpretation of the selected poems. It also sheds light on the distinctive features of Hardy's poetic language. Finally, the study infers that stylistic analysis has an undeniable pedagogical importance for students who study English as a foreign language. str.

Abstract Contrast does not mean opposition or disintegration; it is an essential part of texts. A writer or a speaker resorts to the use of contrast in order to give a vivid image of a scene or an idea. This means that when a speaker uses two opposite expressions, the intention is to convey a vast and clear message of the text. When one says "black", for instance, this calls to mind the thought of "white" and this perception may have ramifications far from the intention of the sender of the message, so the speaker resorts to contrast in a similar context to show more comprehensive sides for the specific required meaning. This paper, therefore, is devoted to the study of contrast in Imam Hassan's prayers to shed light on a text from the early Islamic era before the spread of jargon and error in Arabic language. Three types of contrast are examined in three sections: Contrast in mentioning the traits of Almighty God, contrast in the comparison between Almighty God and others of His creatures and contrast in the features of man. The study concludes that Imam Hussein depends in his concepts on the Holy Qur'an and the reason is that he was close to revelation of the Holy Qur'an and he was brought up by Prophet Mohammad as well as his parents. The contrast in his prayers was an image of his age, between his father's death and his own death.

Abstract The present study tackles the lexicographical tandards, criteria and properties that are required for the compilation f school dictionaries. The school dictionaries refer to these ictionaries used in the successive stages of schools to assist the tudents in language learning. This pedagogical tool is overused by the chool students side by side with the other pedagogical subjects; the chool dictionary is used not only for looking up the meaning of ocabularies, but also for pronunciation, spelling, grammar, ynonymy, antonym, use of words, and etymology. These dictionaries hould be provided with a simple language, clear definitions, xplanations, illustrative examples, and fascinating colorful pictures. The advancement of technology has extremely influenced the school ictionaries because various types of newly invented and ornamental ools have made these dictionaries more interesting and attractive; this ncreases the students’ favor for using and reading. This study aims to rovide a comprehensive account for the school dictionaries and it robes into the scientific standards of lexicography existing in these sorts of dictionaries. It also scrutinizes whether the three Kurdish dictionaries Qutabi Dictionary (Students’ Dictionary) (1985), Qutabi Dictionary (Students’ Dictionary) (2001), and Trife Dictionary (2008) meet the academic standards of lexicography.

Abstract The textual studies are considered the last of the linguistic studies after the structural school which focused on the structure led by de S aussure, and semantics which attempted to focus on determining the semantic dimension of the linguistic value represented by the transformative generative school led by Noam Chomsky, followed by the approach that targeted the linguistic activity, which was founded on the principle of dialogue under the theory of communication (Pragmatics), led by Del Hyms, to finally reach the stage of textual studies, which called for the search for a larger unit of sentence to be a field of study. The text appeared and received great interest from scholars such as Harris, Helmsley, Stumble, Dick Van and others. This paper is an attempt to explore a number of the textual features of "Al-Lail Sura" and it begins with an introduction which deals with a review of what the modern critical studies say about the text, how these features are included in the miraculous text of this sura which helped in exploring the various textual phenomena in its context. The study begins with the title of the sura, the other features which distinguish this text such as reference, conjunction and elision. The paper then deals with the Qur'anic method of sequence of sentences and events and ends with the last aya (verse).

Abstract This paper deals with the receptivity of EFL learners who study English as a foreign language at the Faculty of Arts at Anbar University in Iraq. Departments of Geography, Sociology and Arabic w e r e taken as samples of the study because they have been studying English for four years. The objective of the study is to evaluate the learners' acceptability of learning English for four years and their opinions about the curriculum designed for eight courses. As the study attempts to measure the validity of teaching humanitarian departments English for four years and whether they are convinced in this decision or not. It has been proved that the learners of the three departments request to reduce the numbers of courses from eight to four with the average of two years. Achieving the questionnaire which consists of (11) questions facilitates evaluating the participants' opinions about learning English as a foreign language where the participants have agreed that they encountered some problems in learning English related to the curriculum design, approach adopted by the teachers, the long period of study that should be reduced and the need to redesign the curriculum in accordance with the area of the specialty of each department which contributes in increasing the storage of vocabulary in their minds.

Abstract This paper aims at shedding light on one of the books of commentaries on the Hadith, namely Minhat ul-Bari bi Sharhi Saheeh il-Bukhari (The Gift of God in Explaining Sahih al- Bukhari) and exploring the rhetorical aspects employed by the commentator in his book regarding the three types of metaphor: the conceit, implicit and explicit metaphor. The paper also tries to compare his views with his predecessors and followers and to show his rhetorical points of strength.

Abstract Significantly, human life is reflected in literary works that covered the suffering and painful moments. In literature, the spiritual wounds are functioned to illustrate trauma and its effect on self-confidence. Through acting situations, trauma is connected dramatically with flashback and yesteryears images of self-destruction. Particularly, the wounded self is analyzed through social and political perspectives in which that self is examined and healed by the therapeutic understanding that literature provides. Widely, this genre is given a space in theatres to illustrate the stormy life of real and imaginative characters who deeply discuss the traumatic effect and the foreshadow bonds to the experiences of the past. In monodramas, playwrights put into consideration the influence of place and events in the reformulation of the self. Therapeutically, the concept of trauma draws attention to the role of place and the subject matter which are dealt with metaphorically by characters. The variant means of self-treatment regard importantly the monologues to recover the division and the destruction of identity that won a fruitful chance in drama. Thus, Trauma drama examines the relation between the reformation of self and the recollection of memories. Thus, the aim of the paper is to shed the light on literary trauma theory in contemporary, cultural and literary criticism through its adaptation on traumatic performing stage. The paper relies mainly on the contemporary models of trauma presented on stages as monologues. The paper is mainly concerned with Heather Raffo's Nine Parts of Desire (2003) and Doug Wright's I Am My Own Wife (2004) examining the monologue as an expressionist approach to reflect trauma and its extreme destructive change on self and society.

Abstract This paper is an attempt to study the linguistic efforts of Sheikh Abdul-Aziz Al-Samarra'i. If the scholars of syntax have talked about speech as consisting of two nouns or verb and noun, Sheikh Abdul-Aziz Al-Samarra'i divides speech into three sections: the speaker, the addressee and the third person. Each of them is either masculine or feminine, as the result of multiplying 3 x 2 = 6 (six), and each of them is either single, dual or plural, so the result of multiplying 6 x 3 = 18 (eighteen) types, and this is what it requires mental division, but the existing forms are only (14). The Sheikh said that in these tables, mental division requires (18) forms and the existing are (14).He opens his book talking about the Arabic verb in its three forms: past, present and imperative, and the use of the proper negation articles. Then he talks about the noun, beginning with the present participle, the adjective, the infinitive, the time-nominal, the place-nominal, the m-infintive, the two verbs of exclamation and concludes with important notifications The paper is divided into three main sections: Section One is devoted to his life and works, Section Two deals with his linguistic efforts in the conjugation of verbs and Section Three to his efforts in the conjugation of nouns. The paper ends with a conclusion which sums up results of the study.

Abstract For the time being Native Americans still doubt and question their status amid the American nation. The consciousness of being marginal and subjugated appears clearly in their literature. Within the rising voices that echo widely against repression and injustice, they have had their voice, a voice that reflects historical agony, cultural deprivation, and political stings. Moreover, what distinguishes their voices is the amount of mutilation and loss that turns into humor and sarcasm. This voice ceaselessly tries to bring back a fragmented identity from ashes. Sherman Alexie, a poet, novelist, short story writer, filmmaker, essayist, and comedian, is one of the best to adopt the role of fighting for his people to reclaim their status. His people and their dignified and excruciating survival inform much of his multi-genre works and unify his style. Frequently, the black humor technique pops up in his poems to show, on the one hand, the considerable amount of pain and, on the other, to make this pain bearable.

Abstract This paper is an attempt to explore the technical aspects of Sheikh Abdul-Qahir Al-Jurjani's theory of versification which is scattered in his book Dala'il ul-I'jaz and to collect these dispersed parts. Al-Jurjani's theory of versification represented an outstanding critical and rhetorical achievement in the Arabic critical rhetorical tradition because it provided answers to many critical questions at that early epoch in the history of Arabic literary criticism. It, therefore, attracted the attention of critics and rhetoricians at all subsequent times. Such a theory can never be found in his predecessors except for some hints in Ibnul Muqaffa' and Al-Jahidh's works though the idea of versification was common among the Mu'tazila and Ash'ariya but it was not evident; it was just mere hints which no one had interpreted in detail except Al-Jurjani who gave it much importance and talked about it in details, linking sound to sense, rhetorical figures of speech to the miraculous nature of Qur'anic language. Al-Jurjani's theory of versification has become a scientific basis for the interpretation of the Holy Qur'an. Furthermore, some critics tried to link Al-Jurjani's theory with contemporary stylistics and poetics Due to the fact that Al-Jurjani's theory of versification was the corner stone and an evidence of the development of the Arabic critical rhetorical thought, this paper is an analytical study to explore the technical aspects of this theory depending mainly on his book Dala'il ul-I'jas. Among the technical aspects that formed the theory of versification were grammatical meanings, structure, sound and sense, metaphor and the meaning of meaning. The paper concludes by linking the technical bases in the theory of versification with the contemporary critical approaches.

Abstract One of the main undertakings of the youthful human being is to become familiar with the language of the general public into which the individual is conceived. Typically, it takes numerous years to obtain the dominance of language expected of mature adult. But, methods of studying languages are getting developed to help people to get more information about languages (whether their L1 or other languages they are interested in) with less effort and time. One of the methods is contrastive study. Studies of this kind help people with interest to know more about languages by seeing the differences and similarities between their elements. Moreover, a contrastive analysis of syntactic aspects of languages shows how languages share some universal syntactic properties, for example VP is seen to be universal, and, at the same time, how generating the constituents may vary substantially. The current research selects two important syntactic aspects, namely NP and VP, to investigate as they are seen to be two of the main constituents of the two languages studied, English and Arabic. A description of each language's NP and VP system is provided starting from the English and ending with the Arabic. Later, a comparison is done to figure out the differences and the similarities between the two systems. Conclusions are stated at the end of the research.

Abstract Cette recherche comprend une exposition de la problématique de la traduction de la polysémie dans le Coran, et la comparaison de trois traductions de trois différents traducteurs, le but de telle comparaison c'est d'arriver à comprendre au premier plan, les vraies dimensions de cette même problématique, et au deuxième plan, de choisir quelle traduction d'entre eux se considère la plus proche du texte coranique en ce qui concerne le sens. Au début, nous parlons de l'importance de la polysémie dans une langue et comment les linguistes et les spécialistes considèrent la polysémie comme nécessite linguistique parce qu'elle nous délivre de mettre un mot pour chaque sens, en tant qu'un seul mot porte de plusieurs sens unis phonétiquement, c'est pourquoi on l'appelle "Polysémie". Outre, la recherche étudie la difficulté de la traduction de la polysémie et l'importance d'obtenir un certain savoir linguistique et culturel de la langue du texte d'original pour un traducteur. Puis, nous citons de plusieurs exemples des mots polysémiques dans le noble Coran et comment les transmettent trois différents traducteurs, de l'arabe vers le français, en montrant ce qui réussit à donner un sens semblable à celui-ci dans le texte coranique. Enfin, nous essayons de trouver une solution pour éviter le piège de la "Polysémie".

Abstract This paper is an attempt to explore parody in prose letters by examining three writers: Al-Qadhi Al-Fadhil, Ibn ul-Atheer, and Al-Imad ul-Asfahani. The study tries to explore the influence of Al- Qadhi il-Fadhil style on Ibn ul-Atheer and Al-Asfahani ecause both of them followed Al-Fadil's style in composition whether in the opening lines or in the body of the letter. The study proves that Al-Qadi Al-Fathil was a distinguished pioneer while Al-Ima was an imitator of his style. On the other hand, Ibn ul-Atheer also imitated Al-Qathi Al-Fadhil with slight differencre.

Abstract This paper is an attempt to trace th lines in the personality of the poet Nazik Al-Mala'ika as far as the reasons behind pain are concerned because recognizing the hidden motives behind her long poems that are obsessed with pain will open new horizons for the readers to appreciate the implicit meaning of every line, poem, or whisper. The paper is divided into an introduction, two sections and a conclusion. The first section is devoted to the individual motives behind pain and is subdivided into two parts; the first deals with personal motives and the second with those related to her family. The second section is also divided into two parts; the first traces the general motives which are more diverse such as poverty and the oppression of woman and the second sheds light on the plight of man in Iraq, in the Arab homeland and the world at large which, combined together, provided the poet with a strong motive for pain. The paper ends with the conclusion which sums up the results of the study.

Abstract Abu Nawas is an Abbasid poet whose life and poetry were different from those of his contemporaries. As a child, he lived a hard life, being born for an Iraqi father and Persian mother. His poetry was like his life, being a reflection and internal and psychological rebellion. He was known as "the poet of wine" because he devoted much of his poetry to drink. However, he wrote on many other poetic topics such as satire, love, elegies, and hunting. Abu Nawas rebelled against the traditional love-opening in classical poems and rejected the tribal pride. He also innovated the use of poetic image depending mainly on metaphor. He also employed new poetic techniques, unfamiliar themes and succeeded in his rebellion to be followed by numerous poets. The paper concludes that Abu Nawas was a true rebellious poet who put down new bases for poetic innovation in the first Abbasid Age.