Journal of Language Studies

Abstract Four Quartets (1942) is a sequence of four poems: 'Burnt Norton' (1936), 'East Coker' (1940), 'The Dry Salvages' (1941) and 'Little Gidding' (1942). The main sources of the mystical symbols in T.S. Eliot's masterpiece, Four Quartets, are some of Saint John of the Cross's writings and this has not been given its due of study. This paper aims at exploring St. John of the Cross's influence on Eliot's Four Quartets, especially his Dark Night of the Soul and The Ascent of Mount Carmel. The downward movement, the descent into the inner darkness and the symbols of ascending and descending of the stairs in Eliot's poems were among the outstanding mystical symbols used by John of the Cross. Eliot also strongly echoes John of the Cross in his emphases that one must die to self and undergo mortification of the body before one can hope for the perfect union of the soul with God. The paper attempts to investigate Eliot's use of these and other symbols relating them to their counterparts in the works of St. John of the Cross.

Abstract Revolution and military coups have a real impact on literature. We can see this in Ahlam Mostaganemi's novel The Memory of the Body. One can find an evident impact and implementation of the values of the Algerian revolution during the 1950s. The writer was able to make her characters a reflection of the spirit of revolution rather than its form. This paper, therefore, is an attempt to explore the major influences of the Algerian Revolution on the image of woman in literature. It is not surprising that a novelist like Ahlam Mostaganemi is able to make a part of her spirit a real part of the memory of the revolution and the memory of the place (Constantine), of suspended bridges; it is not a coincidence that it is the creativity of the writer.

Abstract This paper aims at exploring the phonological lesson according to Abi Omer Al-Dani who is considered one of the greatest scholars of Qur'anic recitation and one of the founers of the science of Qur'anc recitation. The paper examines the places of articulation against the views of Saybawaih and other scientist. Al-Dani focused on the places of articulation beginning with the glottis and ending with the lips following in that the method of Saybawaih. The paperis divided into many sections: one is devoted to Al-Dani's major phonological works in which he dealt with places of articulation with a brief explanation of the major points that recurred in them, an attempt to define plae of articulation according to Al-Dani, the number of places of articulation and their sequence, an attempt to explain Al-Dani's views and to comment on them, and a conclusion which sums up the results of the study.

Abstract The present study discusses the postmodern narrative technique in Louise Erdrich‟s novel Love Medicine. Though the novel is one of the richest models of postmodern literary writings, the paper confines itself to four prominent perspectives of postmodernism which are related, covertly or overtly, to the socio-political crisis of the Indian Americans or as they want to call themselves the Native Americans. Identity, fragmentation, postcoloniality and multi-narration are taken in focus to show how the mixed-blood writer Louise Erdrich has mixed the oral traditions of her tribe with the contemporary most recent narrative techniques to produce a landmark in the Western literary canon.

Abstract This study sheds light on two of the basic language skills (reading skill and speaking skill) through which students can perform sight translation efficiently. The performance of the students depends on the way the students can employ these skills in order to reach at a meaningful message as they rely on their language skills specifically the receptive skills such as the reading skill and productive skills such as the speaking skill. The aim of this study is to analyze the students' points of view concerning the two skills for mastering the process of Sight Translation (SiT), and to what extent the important role and impact of such skills in rendering the Source Text (ST) into the Target Message (TM) for the audience. Ninety-four students of the second year / Department of Translation / College of Arts / University of Tikrit and University of Wasit, (2018-2019) have been used as samples in this study to analyze their responses on items in a closed-items questionnaire. This questionnaire contains fifteen items which cover the important aspects on this study especially the language skills and how they are effective in improving their performance.

Abstract Any reflection on a notional taxonomy, previously used through Arab phonetic studies, is immediately challenged by the diversity of infinite uses of divergent concepts that overlap and interfering, tending, in short, to confine themselves by the semantic charge they convey in gnoseological fields other than those in which they originated, and by the ambiguity which restricts the functional and usable dimension of other concepts, especially those which the precursors have failed to establish as levers of the construction of the linguistic norm with all the necessary rigor allowing them to codify language levels, starting with the phonetic and lexical system, to reach the semantic level, and this, like the Légèreté et lourise, Point of articulation, Phoneme and Grapheme, Principal and accessory, Rhythm and cadence. As a result, the need has arisen to lay the ground work for a new conception supported by an operative device capable of decapitating the signs of these conceptual variations and of elucidating its effects manifest through the historicity of the Arabic linguistic discourse, thus tending to get rid of confusion and to avoid ambiguity.
As such, we have set ourselves, through this essay, to bring light on the notions of lightness and heaviness and this because of the strong recurrence of the two notions in more than one respect, and their semantic scope nuances that invite more depth and precision.

Abstract Ala' Al Aswani's novel CHICAGO belongs to postmodernist Arabian novels. The study attempts to identify the most important technical and objective issues dealt with in the novel and to reveal the patterns of the novel's discourse. The study falls into an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion which sums up the findings of the study. The study made use of findings of cultural criticism and did not deny the idiomatic and conceptual overlap, which serves and enriches the process of tbe research and makes it more agile in responding to the requirements of the study.

Abstract This study examined the language learning and motivational effects of a video project, including students‟ perceptions of the processes, and the impact of peer evaluations. In this study many online materials and integrating music and pictures is used to illustrate their showed that the language learning effects were more obvious in the low proficiency group than in the high proficiency one. Results from t-test analyses of preand postmotivation questionnaires showed that students increased their learning motivation, and interview data showed that students felt that making videos boosted their confidence and improved their technological capability. An examination of peer assessments of videos showed that they promoted peer learning and encouraged selfreflection. This study‟s findings support the adoption of video projects with lower proficiency students in order to stimulate language production.

Abstract Eloquence (Al-Bayan) is of great importance in uncovering the graphic facts. It is the secret in which the minds are competing and the dictionaries pass through the pens which may be hidden by many scholars and scholars. The scholars and commentators studied the Quranic text in all its aspects, and its signs, Which may lie behind the miraculous text, especially the mysteries that relate to its miraculousness. The paper is divided into two sections: Section One is devoted to the levels of surprise: the strength of surprise and the surprise of the undesirable. The second is devoted to the subjects of surprise, namely the surprise in metaphor, movement in surprise without itha (if) and the wonderful movement among times, places and events. The paper ends with a concusion which sums up the results of the study.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to highlight metaphor in both Arabic and English languages as well as to explore the main problems encountered in translating Arabic metaphor into English. The present paper tries to underline the strategies followed by translators from different cultures as they tackle this culture-bound subject and how failing to notice this rhetorical device may produce fallacious translation. The paper hypothesizes that perfect translation of Arabic metaphor necessitates a good knowledge of Arabic and English cultures. The correct choice of translation strategy adopted would make the TL receptor experience the same effect experienced by the SL receptor. The paper hypothesizes that, by the virtue of the cultural breach that lies between Arabic and English, the inexpert translators would produce literal translation in their attempt to translate Arabic metaphor. Consequently, they would adhere to the form at the expense of the meaning. To attain the aims of the paper and examine the cogency of the hypotheses, metaphor has been studied well in both languages in this paper, then five metaphors are selected with their translations of six well-known translators to be the data of the study.

Abstract Jordanian novelist QasemTawfik, generating the largest property ahead with the novels he wrote in modern Arabic literature, criticizing the tradition sinherent in Arab society and sometimes is pushing the boundaries of imagination.So, we aim to dive deeper into the style and literary language used by Qasem Tawfiq in creating his works, and to see the hidden facts behind the erotic narratives used by the author. In this article we discuss some of the features of the literary language used by Qasem Tawfiq like courage, rationality, and symbolism. In addition, to disclose some of the hidden aspects of the society of sexuality that does not ignore the sexuality here and to emphasize whether the goal is to emphasize. This point is one of the goals of our article and if we talk about other objectives; The aim of the course is to touch upon the author's philosophical philosophy and his courageous literary style.

Abstract Recently, homosexuality has become a very widespread phenomenon in the world even in the eastern Islamic societies though it is considered a forbidden behavior. It is, therefore, necessary to search behind this problem. The current paper aims at exploring the sociopolitical aspect of poetry as related to the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) community. The analysis will be conducted through the poem "A Feminist or a Womanist" by Stacey Ann Chinn which is actually a warning against such approaches. Namely, she does so by developing the poem over an imaginary conversation with another woman who is asking her about her lesbianism. So, as she is being asked in a manner that she finds offensive, she replies to the imaginary conversation partner that she is not asking the right questions. She considered that the issue is not about being lesbian but about being a woman. She basically projects the idea that the problem is in womanhood, not in the fact that she is a lesbian and/or feminist. However, as there are two viewpoints to this behavior-- one is -Accepted: 26/5/2019 responded to it while the other one is against it, this paper is going to show the religious viewpoint in both Islamic religion and Christianity as well as the medical viewpoints regarding it through discussing the Available online: 30/6/2019 biological and psychological factors behind this disease which actually Chin herself suffers from.

Abstract This research is concerned with importance of the role of using Structured Story Reading (SSR) and Story Retell (SR) strategy on the achievement of the second year university students in English short story. The participants of the study consists of the whole second year students of English Department at College of Education for Humanities at Tikrit University during the academic year 2018-2019. A sample consists of sixty students has been selected and distributed into two equal groups to be an experimental groups (A and B ) and thirty students to be a control group. They have been taught the same English material for a period of twelve weeks. The experimental group(A) is taught by using Structured story reading strategy While the experimental group (B) is taught by using Story retell strategy and the control group is taught by traditional strategy. test It has been constructed an achievement and applied to three groups of students, at the end of the experiment. Results show the superiority of the experimental groups over the control group in their achievement in -Accepted: 20/6/2019 English short story. Finally the conclusions depending on the results of the research.

Abstract This paper studies the negation of conditional sentences in Arabic language by using mathematical applications with three steps. The first step is to convert the conditional sentence to be negated from the Arabic to the mathematical statement. The second step is to negate the mathematical conditional statement obtained in the first step using the negatives in mathematical logic. The third step is to convert the mathematical conditional statement obtained in the second step to an Arabic sentence.

Abstract Abu Tammam is an outstanding poetic who had greatly influenced Arabic poetry. His enormous knowledge left its prominent effects on his literary works especially the poetry in which he Focused his efforts on the aspects of rhetoric and composition, maintaining a historical reference, and cultural affiliation that made him unique to many of his peers in the performance of meaning and the context of poetic texts.

Abstract This paper deals with an important topic of the contemporary textual linguistics and its associations on Arabic Syntax. It tries to rid the theoretical discourse of the textual linguistics of its condemnation of the linguistic heritage. The paper focuses first on transgression for being a pivotal issue in which the textual linguistics established its two most important theoretical approaches, namely (transgression of the sentence limits). The study, then, deals with the Arabian reaction facing these two approaches. The re-action started at the hands of Dr. Ahmad Mohammad Abdul-Radhi in his book Towards the Text: between Originality and Modernism, where he argues that Arabic syntax should be the syntax of speech rather than the sentence, through a view which aims at giving syntax its due of importance and in this concern he is against the label of transgression.

Abstract Lula is one of the most important tools of the grammatical requirement in the Holy Quran. Because of its significant impact in the statement of the most important meanings of the verse in which it was received and its linguistic and grammatical significance. The study dealt with the most important opinions of the sculptors in a statement of the meaning of "Lula" types and aspects of the literature, and then take samples of the types of "Lula" in the Koran and studied analytical grammar based on the most important grammar books and interpretations.
Therefore, the research included an introduction and a preface, in which the statement of the meaning of "Lula" and its composition and what its useful grammar and how to enter the types of sentences in Arabic. The research dealt with two topics: The first topic dealt with two requirements: First: the statement of the aspects of "Lula" Arabism and the difference in the grammar and its implications. The second requirement also included the non-incident in the answer to "Lula" and the separation of the word "Lula" and the act of "if," or conditional sentence or what is the name turned away from the case if the name appeared after him. The second topic included two requirements: First: to study the significance of the models of "Lula" types in the Koran comprehensive analytical study and the second requirement: Include a schedule of the number of times in which the "Lola" types of the Koran.

Abstract In this research, a reference is made to the book entitled "Siasatnama" by Khawaja Nidhamul-Mulk. No important indicator is spotted but only the topic of justice. Thus, the research is entitled "justice in the Siasatnama by Khawaja Nidhamul-Mulk".
Based on this, thinkers explore the history of political thought starting with the ideas of Greeks, looking for the visions of Plato and Aristotle, and pointing to the roots of political schools. But Khawaja Nidhamul-Mulk did not address any old political school from Greece or elsewhere; and if the statements of Khawaja Nidhamul-Mulk and his policy for nearly 30 years in the ministry of Seljuks are reviewed, there is nothing but social justice, fighting injustice and encouraging the expanding of science.
The research is divided into three sections; the first is related to the following topics: Khawaja Nidhamul-Mulks Biography; ministry of Nidhamul-Mulk; the mysterious killing of Nidhamul-Mulk; the plot that killed Nidhamul-Mulk. Meanwhile, the second is related to the following topics: definition of prose; types of prose in Persian; the literary style of the "Siasatnama"; the literary aspects of the "Siasatnama". Finally, the third is related to justice in "Siasatnama".

Abstract The research entitled (Effect of syntax level in learning the second language - Kurdish and Arabic language model). The aim of the research is to determine the effect of syntactic structures especially phrase structure in the process of learning the second language. The research is divided into three sections. The first section presents a theoretical framework on linguistic concepts and theories in the process of learning the second language. In the second part of the research we identified the syntactic structures and phrases in the Kurdish language. Among the phrases: noun phrase, verb phrase, adverb phrase and adjective phrase. We also defined concepts; such as: head, complement and adjunct in the structure of the internal structure of the phrases. We introduced syntax, sentence structure, and phrases order in sentence. The third part of the research is devoted to the syntactic structures and phrases in the Arabic language. We introduced the structure and structure of the sentence and the order of phrases syntax sentence. We discussed the concept of (Ordering) in the Arabic sentence. We also identified the similarities and differences between the structure of the phrases in the two languages (Kurdish and Arabic), and the most important research findings that knowledge of similarities and Syntactic differences between the two languages is a factor in the learning of the second language.

Abstract This paper attempts to explore te psychogical dimension in the poems of Sheikh Nuri Sheikh Salleh. The paper consists of an introduction, two chapters and a conclusion. The first part deals with concepts and terms of psychology. The second part deals with the relationship of poetry to psychology. The third part deals with history of the psychological dimension. The fourth and final part talks about Freud’s analytical theory.The second chapter deals with the foundations of psychological analysis in the notice of ( Sheikh Nuri Sheikh Salleh) in theory and practice based on several psychological concepts like (Optimism, Pessimism, Alienation, Depression, Fear, Narcissism and death). In conclusion, the main findings of the research were presented.