Journal of Language Studies

Abstract The research aimed to demonstrate the manifestations of symbolism in ancient Arabic poetry through the poetry of Abu Mansour Al-Tha'alibi, as the poet relies on symbolism through allusion and insinuation, and brings it to a specific intended meaning that the listener understands from the context of the verses. The symbol was linked to the listener's ability to interpret and realize the poet's intended goal. It was known by the ancients and developed by the pioneers of modern poetry. We chose to focus on the symbols: historical, religious, natural, and emotional, which were manifested in Al-Tha'alibi's poems. The historical symbol was linked to Al-Tha'alibi with praise as a basic poetic purpose that organized this type of symbolism; as the poet linked the praised with historical figures, and other descriptions that befit the praised in this context. The religious symbol was related to the poet's desire to give the addressee awe associated with religion, so the religious symbols arranged with the prophets were multiple. The natural symbol, for the poet, expressed the psychological state associated with him or others. The emotional symbol in Al-Tha'alibi's poetry was linked to the position of love; As emotion prevails in it, and the lover's longing for his beloved intensifies, and thus, we notice Al-Tha'alibi's focus on the symbol (the young man - the gazelle) in the context of flirting with concubines and young boys as a phenomenon that was widespread in his era.

Abstract This study presents an in-depth investigation into the nature of the "Musnad" (Predicate) and "Musnad Ilayh" (Subject)، the two fundamental pillars of any Arabic sentence، whether nominal or verbal. It explores the linguistic and terminological roots of the concept of isnād (predication)، illustrating the historical development of the terms "Musnad" and "Musnad Ilayh" since the time of Al-Khalil and Sibawayh. The research highlights the significant differences in their definitions and connotations among prominent grammarians، as meticulously surveyed by Al-Sirafi and Abu Hayyan Al-Andalusi. The study emphasizes that grammarians consider them the "pillars of speech" (ʻumdat al-kalām)، where neither can be dispensed with، underscoring the principle of explicit mention and prohibiting omission unless there is clear evidence. Subsequently، the study shifts its focus to the rhetorical perspective، clarifying that while rhetoricians agree on the importance of the Musnad and Musnad Ilayh، they assign greater significance to the Musnad Ilayh in certain contexts، which explains the distinction between "deletion" (ḥadhf) for the Musnad Ilayh and "omission" (tark) for the Musnad. The research also examines the various forms of the Musnad and Musnad Ilayh concerning definiteness and indefiniteness، demonstrating that nominal sentences offer a wider scope for these diverse forms، each carrying specific purposes and connotations. It is highlighted that the general rule in declarative sentences is to precede the definite Musnad Ilayh with the indefinite Musnad to inform the addressee، though this rule can be altered for precise rhetorical aims. The study further delves into the issue of precedence between two definite Musnads and Musnad Ilayhs، revealing that this is governed by rhetorical considerations related to the addressee's knowledge and the speaker's intention، as exemplified in the presentation of demonstrative pronouns or personal pronouns and their associated emphatic meanings. The study concludes by discussing the issue of the Musnad and Musnad Ilayh being identical in wording but not in meaning، such as "Anā Anā" (I am I)، asserting that this identity conveys profound rhetorical implications like fame or constancy، thereby showcasing the intricate interplay between grammatical rules and rhetorical subtleties in the Arabic language.

Abstract The research aims to study tribal values in pre-Islamic poetry by reviewing images and examples from their poetry, expressing various positive attitudes toward the tribe in various fields and areas. The research utilizes a descriptive and analytical approach, making the collections of pre-Islamic poets a reliable source for research in particular. Through this approach, the social structure of the pre-Islamic era is revealed, by making this poetry a cultural identity and a tribal affiliation based on tribal fanaticism, sometimes linked to pride and other times to strength and greatness. This affiliation formed a cohesive bloc in the face of war. This awareness took another path in the pre-Islamic consciousness, attempting to create a balance between truth and power, in order to gain praise and appreciation, and to resist the collapse of pre-Islamic society, which was exhausted by tribal conflict and tension.

Abstract The books of Ibn Hisham, including Sharh Bant Suad, are considered as encyclopedias that contain numerous arts on Arabic language and other sciences of relation to Arabic language such as grammar, language, syntax, rhetoric or terminology. All these demonstrate that Ibn Hisham had a great experience in teaching grammar. Ibn Hisham achieved all his knowledge from other grammarians and linguists. Hence, in this study, we attempt to identify the references that Ibn Hisham relied upon in his explanation first; then decide about his approach in using the linguistic texts. The current study consists of two chapters; proceeded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion. The introduction sheds light on Ibn Hisham and his book. Moreover, section one illustrates the linguistic sources that Ibn Hisham used in (Sharh Bant Suad), and the second section identifies his approach in transferring linguistic sources. Finally, the conclusion shows the most important findings that the researchers reached in the current study.

Abstract Narration constitutes an indispensable instrument for interweaving the essential components of a novel: namely, characters, events, settings, and temporal frameworks, thereby establishing the bedrock upon which these elements are delineated. Its preeminent role within any narrative text endows it with the remarkable capacity to persist and adapt across the manifold stages of human civilization. As societies and their epochs grow increasingly intricate and enigmatic, the exigency for narrative art intensifies, most notably within the novel. This literary form affords a sophisticated and multifaceted depiction of society in its entirety. Each narrative constituent assumes a pivotal role in the construction of the novel’s universe; indeed, no narrative realm can be fully realized in the absence of any single element. Through their conflicts and responses, characters breathe life into events; these events, in turn, unfold within a distinct locale, while time serves as the orchestrating force that governs their sequence and progression.

Abstract This research is entitled (professional dialect in Khanaqin subdialect). In this research we have tried to present the concept of dialect and the reasons for the formation of dialects and languages We have tried to explain the reasons for the formation of language, and we have considered it important to discuss What is important to us is the social dialect, which consists of several different dialects, especially professional dialects in Khanaqin subdialect. Of course, professional dialects according to different professions in general in the language Kurdish, especially in this dialect, has its own set of words and phrases Professionals use it, especially the professional dialect in this dialect has its own characteristics in terms of words, terms and expressions with other dialects of the Kurdish language used ,so some of the professions that are directly and currently related to There are many different occupations in our daily lives. Keywords (language, dialect, Types of dialects, occupation, official, etc.).

Abstract This study, entitled “The Impact of the Social Network Facebook on the Kurdish Language and dictionary,” falls within the field of applied linguistics. The research investigates the influence of the “Facebook” social network on the Kurdish language and its vocabulary. Given that social networks occupy a significant portion of people’s lives and their use for exchanging ideas and conveying messages within various communities has become widespread, personal communication platforms such as Facebook have now evolved into powerful tools for social interaction. These platforms are utilized in multiple aspects of daily life, and consequently, due to the diversity of users in terms of numbers and lifestyles, fundamental changes have emerged in the language and its vocabulary. In this study, we have examined the changes brought about by Facebook, considering both the positive and negative aspects. The research is organized into two chapters: the first chapter focuses on the theoretical and conceptual analysis of social networks, including definitions, features, and impacts. The second chapter is dedicated to the practical aspect, analyzing the positive and negative impacts of Facebook on the Kurdish language and its dictionary.

Abstract This research is entitled "A Comparison of Noun Phrases between Kurdish and English Languages." It is dedicated to comparing noun phrases between Kurdish and English languages, because the noun phrase is a fundamental structural unit of sentence composition in any language, which plays an important role in conveying information and creating semantic relationships. The grammatical structure of noun phrases varies from one language to another according to the grammatical and semantic characteristics of each language. In this research, noun phrases have been analyzed in detail, and the aspects of similarity and difference in their structure and grammatical functions have been identified The research methodology was conducted according to descriptive-comparative analysis, in which sentence examples were collected from daily speech and prominent sources of both languages, they were analyzed through the laws of Chomsky's generative and transformational theory. The content of this research is divided into three main sections. The first section is dedicated to discussing noun phrases in the Kurdish language, explaining and distinguishing them in terms of structure and identifying their heads. In the second section: discussing noun phrases in the English language, explaining them separately in terms of structure and identifying their heads, as well as the determiners of heads in expanded phrases. The third section is devoted to presenting the comparative aspect of noun phrases between both Kurdish and English languages.

Abstract Racial stereotype can be easily found in the most of individuals specifically those who are adults. Racial stereotype is stored in one’s mind and most of people face difficulty to get rid of such images in an easy way. Therefore, through focusing on race stereotype and cultural factors stated that there are certain differences between two variety cultures (English and Arabic). The current work clarifies and aims to state how some individuals are classified as powerful and positive since they have high degree of power in a society while, other individuals are specified as powerless or negative because they have low degree of power. Presenting positive and negative effects can be simply show race stereotype. The present study tackled two short stories; the first one is “Desiree’s Baby” by Kate (1893) Chopin and the later short story in Arabic which is entitled “The Cheapest Night” by Yusuf Idris (1954). These two short stories have been chosen and selected from different cultures to characterize (color, social discrimination) particular categories of racial stereotype. The way of dealing with these two short stories aims to state the degree of affection of racial stereotype in English and Arabic cultures. Dealing with specific short stories and two cultures helps to shed the light on the positive and negative influence of these short stories in two different cultures.

Abstract Nature played a vital role in the history of poetics and in the clashing theories of poetic creation. However, with the ecological pollution and environmental crisis of the modern age, modern poets' writings about nature and environment become different from the traditional nature poetry of their predecessors. They are supported by the awareness of human damage to the environment, emerging the science of ecology, and thus, the result is ecological poetry. A.R. Ammons is one of those modern ecological poets who has a lifelong interest in the science of ecology and poetry. Being deeply influenced by the transcendentalism and Taoist ecological traditions, Ammons offers, via poetry, certain sorts of remedy to treat the crisis, suggesting self-acceptance, elevation and reconciliation between human and nature, without naturalizing human, or humanizing nature. Hence, this paper attempts to examine the main ecological crisis in the modern age and the solutions offered by poetry to treat such problems. it aims at showing how power of the word, which is intangible, can heal and treat tangible environmental crisis.

Abstract As part of interactional communication, reduplication is a morphological process by which certain features of the root are used in the formation of a prefix or suffix. It forms a reinforcing role of everyday language in Iraqi dialect to create a specific semantic effect. The data are collected by observing daily linguistic interactions among Iraqi speakers. In accordance with English language, the collected data prove to have the three types of reduplication: full, vowel change and partial reduplication. The study is descriptive qualitative having morphological and semantic orientations as a crucial part of the analysis. It is worth mentioning that this study is representative not comprehensive. It is based on Vogel’s classifications of this phenomenon.

Abstract Literature is a subject of continuous additions and developments. Throughout its history, many new genres appeared to satisfy the needs of the readers who seek novel creations in this magnificent field. One of these genres in this age is autofiction. It refers to works which deal with the author’s own life but re-written with imagination, or in other words, with recreation of the author’s real experience. The present research attempts to shed light upon autofiction. This paper handles Jenny Offill's Weather. The study is divided into three sections and a conclusion. Section one deals with the introduction which handles autofiction as a hybrid genre that blends autobiography with fiction. Also it highlights the ability of this genre to offer more creative and critical potential. The second section deals with the history and characteristics of aotufiction, tracing its development from Serge Doubrovsky's original concept to its postmodern and multimedia expressions. It shows the importance of autofiction in emphasizing the silenced voices, serving as a means of self-exploration and social critique. This section also clarifies how autofiction differentiates itself from memoir, autobiography, and biography, by offering more narrative independence and ambiguity. The final section adopts a theoretical framework through which Weather is examined, focusing on Offill's distinctive narrative method and her application of autofictional strategies. The paper concludes by summarizing the key findings of the study.

Abstract Communication is an essential aspect of human interaction, serving as a means to express thoughts, emotions, facts and ideas and is merely a basic human need. However, when individuals find themselves in situations where a shared language (refers to individuals improving understanding amongst themselves relying on language (e.g. spoken, text) to assist them communicate more effectively) is absent, they are forced to explore alternative methods of communication. Nonetheless, non-verbal communication can lead to significant barriers in effective interaction. While it can facilitate some level of connection, the potential for misinterpretation and cultural differences can complicate communication efforts. Non-verbal cues, gestures, and body posture become primary tools in bridging the gap between individuals from different linguistic backgrounds. This form of communication transcends language barriers, allowing for meaningful connections to be established and relationships to flourish. Hence, the research aims to uncover how nonverbal signals contribute to the overall message conveyed in various contexts, backgrounds, and cultures. This integrated approach allows for a more holistic interpretation of interactions, enhancing our knowledge of the complexities of human behavior. This research explores the intricate ways in which humans navigate communication in the absence of a shared language, highlighting the significance of non-verbal communication, the difference between language and communication, the characteristics of human language, and the importance of multi-modal communication in fostering understanding and connection between individuals from diverse backgrounds. Additionally, it explains how language barriers pose significant challenges to effective communication. This study employs a multimodal framework to examine the data, incorporating Knapp and Hall’s (2002) Model of Nonverbal Communication, the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), and contextual analysis to provide a comprehensive understanding of nonverbal cues in five tiktok videos of the television show Arabs Got Talent. In conclusion, it can be deduced that communication without a shared language often relies heavily on non-verbal cues. Non-verbal communication plays a vital role in all interactions and adds richness and depth to interpersonal interactions, conveying emotion and intentions and facilitating effective communication even in the absence of shared language.

Abstract This article explores the theme of bullying as it is portrayed by Lillian Hellman in her play The Children's Hour (1934), focusing on the psychological and social mechanisms of power, victimisation, and rumour. The play dramatises the consequences of one child's lie, Mary Tilford, which comes to the ears of the headmistress of an all-girls school, and the lie eventually leads to devastation, tragedy and death. This was a herd behaviour with widespread implications. In the context of the contemporary portrayal discourse on school bullying, the paper argues that Mary’s action illustrates the forms of psychological aggression, manipulation, coercion and rumour spreading, which continue to extend bullying to the present day. Using a psychosocial approach, the examination investigates the production of power imbalances, the internalisation of stigma by victims, and the perpetuation of injury through communal silence. The paper asks: How does The Children's Hour resonate with contemporary understandings of bullying and its effects? How does the play dramatise the results of unchecked rumour and group inaction? By foregrounding the lethal consequences of bullying, Hellman's drama underscores the importance of teaching empathy, responsibility, and social resilience. Finally, the research adds to the fields of literary studies and educational psychology, being the study of the dramatic representation of texts by a group of peers, looking at the perennial problem of bullying in schools and society.

Abstract This paper explores the challenges of translating cultural references in literary texts using Charles Dickens’s *A Tale of Two Cities* as a case study. Cultural references in literature include idioms, historical events, customs, and symbols that require careful rendering to retain the semantic and cultural integrity of the original. The study draws on theoretical models by Capone & Mey (2016) and Lawrence Venuti (2003), analyzing how translators balance between domestication and foreignization strategies. Through selected textual samples, the research demonstrates that translating cultural elements involves complex decisions shaped by context, audience, and translation goals. The findings highlight the necessity of cultural sensitivity and propose recommendations for enhancing translator training in cultural mediation. Moreover, the paper emphasizes the role of translators as cultural negotiators who must interpret not only words but also values, ideologies, and historical contexts. The analysis aims to foster a more nuanced understanding of literary translation as an act of intercultural communication, demanding both linguistic expertise and cultural intelligence.

Abstract This study looks at the frequent gestures used in TV programs and how people understand gestures of TV presenters in Kurdish media. It investigates if age and ethnicity influence the viewpoint of people regarding gesture interpretation. The study used different methods. First, 20 gestures were picked out and categorized using a theoretical framework. Then, 70 people from Kurdish, Arabic, and Turkmen groups, with different age groups, were selected to participate in the survey. The results showed that while there were some common understandings, the manner in which gestures were understood by people changed depending on their socio-cultural origins. The study revealed that gestures play a highly significant role in communication platforms. It also highlights that understanding different cultures is key to communicating effectively with diverse audiences

Abstract The novelist Annie Ernaux raises a sensitive issue through her novel The Place, published in 1983. She questions the impact of space and memories in the life of man to tell the truth by narrating real events from his personal life without resorting to fiction. She was a real testimony to personal and collective memory. This novel is considered a committed autobiography because it introduces us to a particular world through the social, psychological, economic and political conditions that the place generates as well as the memories of the characters that remained attached to this place. Through the events of the novel that took place between Normandy and Paris and the reactions of the characters to these events, Annie Ernaux addresses the theme of space and memories as a social and cultural crisis between two different worlds, that of the poor and the bourgeoisie after the Second World War in France. Consequently, this led to a great change in the construction of French society.

Abstract This paper analyses the concepts of climate anxiety and ecological trauma as they are presented in Heroes and Saints and The Children, employing ecocriticism and environmental theatre. It contends that both works grapple with environmental collapse as a thematic issue but also as a dramatic motor that animates character, structure, and audience engagement. It draws on the theoretical insights of figures such as Lawrence Buell and Timothy Clark in the field of ecocriticism, as well as theatrical ecologists like Una Chaudhuri and Theresa J. May, in considering the ways in which the stage acts as a site for ecological reckoning. The objectives are to: study it through representations of ecological degradation and social injustice; profile how climate anxiety works in character psychology and narrative tension; and analyse how theatrical devices inspire environmental consciousness in the spectators. Some key research questions are: How does this drama of the environmental crisis play out as lived, personal experience? What kinds of theatrical devices submerge an audience in ecological awareness or disgust? How do anthropocentric or capitalist ideologies get challenged in the plays? Through a qualitative, comparative textual analysis, the study determines that both plays give voice to the marginalized, women, the elderly, farm workers, as eco-witnesses to systemic decay. Non-traditional scenic composition, synecdoche of nature and intense human dynamics evoke the urgency of environmental collapse. The overarching contention is that theatre is capable of cohering climate consciousness, and that dramatic performance can thus be viewed as a political and affective site through which to navigate the Anthropocene.

Abstract There is a link between knowledge of the language and its efficient use. Without knowledge of grammar, it is difficult to perceive its grammatical, semantic and morphological particulars without mastery of a language, it is not easy to develop linguistic skills. If we accept language as a process for understanding and producing, we must learn the symbols of this system. To know the uses of grammar, you must use the principles of the sentence in the right place, to build precise communication and verbal expression, especially in writing. Over time, if the importance of grammar teaching weakens or changes from one method to another, grammar retains its obligatory place in the teaching of each foreign language. At present, it is very difficult to get a precise idea of the practices used in French as a foreign language in relation to the teaching of grammar. This linguistic subject, which has experienced a decline, seems to be a form of stagnation during the years (1960s and 1970s), which is now in force in the language class. Our questionnaire aims to answer some questions in this research such as: What status does French grammar occupy in a French as a foreign language class? What methods should be adopted to teach French grammar in class?

Abstract In principle, a good translation requires the transfer of the complete meaning from the source language to the target language. The bilingual translator must be competent in both languages. In order to achieve this goal, learners should rely on auxiliary resources, particularly theoretical ones such as André Dussard's article entitled ‘Faux sens, contre sens et non-sens ... un faux-débat’ (False meaning, counter-meaning and nonsense ... a false debate); which focuses on three essential elements: omission, addition and imperfect transfer of meaning. On the other hand, Héla Najjar's article: Cultural Constraints seems useful in this area. In terms of its field of application and given its classical style, the corpus of this research is limited to the book Kalila and Dimna by Ibn Al-Muqaffa. This universal work presents a collection of fables that was the source of inspiration for La Fontaine in the 17th century. In fact, whatever the theoretical constraints guiding our journey, we cannot do without omission or addition in the translation process; however, the aim of this study is to warn translators not to undermine the meaning of the context of the selected statement. Nevertheless, the limited use of punctuation in Arabic compared to French encourages translators to resort to illustrative additions where necessary. It goes without saying that stylistic devices and cultural aspects contribute to the success of a translation.