The Relationship between Iraqi EFL Learners’ Procrastination Level and Their Writing Anxiety: A Case of Kufa University
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25130/Lang.9.3.P1.4Keywords:
Attitude, learners, procrastination, upper-intermediate level, writingAbstract
Writing anxiety represents a significant challenge for learners of English as a second language. This study examines the correlation between writing anxiety and procrastination levels among Iraqi upper-intermediate EFL learners. Data collected from the University of Kufa regarding procrastination and writing anxiety were subjected to analysis. The investigation utilized a correlational methodology and conducted a descriptive analysis of the results obtained from two standardized questionnaires: Lee’s (2005) English Writing Anxiety Scale (EWAS) and Lay’s (1986) procrastination scale. This study seeks to investigate the potential correlation between writing anxiety and levels of procrastination among learners. The hypothesis proposes that there is no statistically significant relationship between the levels of procrastination experienced by Iraqi EFL upper-intermediate learners and their associated writing anxiety. The findings indicate that the participants exhibit a level of writing anxiety that exceeds the neutral threshold, with a mean score of 3.12. Furthermore, their level of procrastination also surpasses the neutral level, as evidenced by a mean score of 3.65. Nevertheless, the correlational analysis indicates a lack of a statistically significant relationship between writing anxiety and procrastination. The findings indicate that procrastination does not serve as a primary determinant of writing anxiety. This suggests that other psychological factors may play a significant role in contributing to heightened levels of anxiety associated with writing tasks. In light of these findings, the study advocates for a more comprehensive investigation into other variables that may contribute to writing anxiety. These variables include, but are not limited to, self-esteem, apprehension regarding negative evaluation, and cultural influences. The text further advocates for the implementation of targeted support interventions within educational institutions aimed specifically at addressing writing anxiety. Such measures have the potential to enhance both overall student performance and well-being in the domain of academic writing.
References
Akpur, U. (2017). Predictive and explanatory relationship model between procrastination, motivation, anxiety, and academic achievement. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 69, 221-240. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2017.69.13
Atay, D., & Kurt, G. (2006). Prospective teachers and L2 writing anxiety. Asian EFL Journal, 8(4), 100-118.
Blasco, J. A. (2016). The relationship between writing anxiety, writing self-efficacy, and Spanish EFL students’ use of metacognitive writing strategies: A case study. Journal of English Studies, 14(1), 7-45.
Campbell, C. M., & Ortiz, J. A. (1991). Helping students overcome foreign language anxiety: A foreign language anxiety workshop. In E. K. Horwitz & D. J. Young (Eds.), Language anxiety: From theory and research to classroom implications (pp. 153-168). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Cheng, Y. S. (2004). A measure of second language writing anxiety: Scale development and preliminary validation. Journal of Second Language Writing, 13(4), 313-335.
Choi, Y. (2013). Teaching social studies for newcomer English language learners: Toward culturally relevant pedagogy. Multicultural Perspectives, 15(1), 12-18.
Clark, D. M. (2005). A cognitive perspective on social phobia. In The essential handbook of social anxiety for clinicians (pp. 193-218).
Condon, W., & Kelly-Riley, D. (2004). Assessing and teaching what we value: The relationship between college-level writing and critical thinking abilities. Assessing Writing, 9(1), 56-75.
Fee, R. L., & Tangney, J. P. (2000). Procrastination: A means of avoiding shame or guilt? Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15(5), 167-176.
Ferrari, J. R., & Tice, D. M. (2000). Procrastination as a self-handicap for men and women: A task-avoidance strategy in a laboratory setting. Journal of Research in Personality, 34(1), 73-83.
Fowler, B. F., & Ross, D. H. (1982). The comparative validities of differential placement measures for college composition courses. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 42(4), 1107-1115.
Fritzsche, B. A., Young, B. R., & Hickson, K. C. (2003). Individual differences in academic procrastination tendency and writing success. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(7), 1549-1557.
Haycock, L. A., McCarthy, P., & Skay, C. L. (1998). Procrastination in college students: The role of self-efficacy and anxiety. Journal of Counseling & Development, 76(3), 317-324.
Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, M. B., & Cope, J. (1986). Foreign language classroom anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 70(2), 125-132. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1986.tb05256.x
Li, J. A. (2012). English language assessment and the Chinese learner. Rutledge.
Macher, D., Paechter, M., Papousek, I., & Ruggeri, K. (2012). Statistics anxiety, trait anxiety, learning behavior, and academic performance. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 27(4), 483-498.
Magno, C. (2008). Self-regulation, self-efficacy, metacognition, and achievement goals of high school and college adolescents. Educational Psychology International Journal, 5(2), 107-123.
Martinez, C. T., Kock, N., & Cass, J. (2011). Pain and pleasure in short essay writing: Factors predicting university students' writing anxiety and writing self-efficacy. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 54(5), 351-360.
Mohamed Kassem, M. A. (2017). Developing business writing skills and reducing writing anxiety of EFL learners through wikis. English Language Teaching, 10(1), 151-169.
Musolino, E. (2007). The effect of procrastination and stress on low effort and high effort tasks. The Huron University College Journal of Learning and Motivation, 45(1), 13-25.
Olanezhad, M. (2015). A comparative study of writing anxiety among Iraqi university students majoring in English translation, teaching, and literature. English Language Teaching, 8(3), 59-67.
Öztürk, H. Ç. (2007). The effects of portfolio keeping on writing anxiety of EFL students. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 3(1), 1-12.
Powell‐Cope, G. M., Lierman, L. M., Kasprzyk, D., Young, H. M., & Benoliel, J. Q. (1991). The theory of reasoned action in prediction of breast self-examination: A comparison of two studies. Health Care for Women International, 12(1), 51-61.
Reiss, S. (1991). Expectancy model of fear, anxiety, and panic. Clinical Psychology Review, 11(2), 141-153.
Sarid, M., & Peled, Y. (2010). The effect of procrastination on multi-drafting in a web-based learning content management environment. Interdisciplinary Journal of E-Learning and Learning Objects, 6(1), 345-354.
Shawer, S. F. (2010). Classroom-level curriculum development: EFL teachers as curriculum developers, curriculum makers, and curriculum transmitters. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26(2), 173-184.
Sirin, E. F. (2011). Academic procrastination among undergraduates attending the school of physical education and sports: Role of general procrastination, academic motivation, and academic self-efficacy. Educational Research and Reviews, 6(5), 447-452.
Stapa, S. H., & Majid, A. H. A. (2009). The use of first language in developing ideas in second language writing. European Journal of Social Sciences, 7(4), 41-47.
Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65-94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65
Steel, P., & Ferrari, J. R. (2013). Sex, education, and procrastination: An epidemiological study of procrastinators' characteristics from a global sample. European Journal of Personality, 27(1), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1850
Tsui, A. B. M. (1996). Reticence and anxiety in second language learning. In K. M. Bailey & D. Nunan (Eds.), Voices from the Language Classroom (pp. 145-168). Cambridge University Press.
Wen-Shuenn, W. (2006). The effect of blog peer review and teacher feedback on the revisions of EFL writers. Journal of Education and Foreign Languages and Literature, 3(3), 25-138.
Wilt, J., Oehlberg, K., & Revelle, W. (2011). Anxiety in personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(7), 987-993.
Won Park, S., & Sperli, R. (2012). Academic procrastinators and their self-regulation. International Journal of Educational Leadership Preparation, 3(1), 12-23.
Yaman, H. (2014). The relation of general anxiety levels, anxiety of writing, and attitude towards the Turkish course of secondary school students. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 14(3), 1117-1122.
Yerdelen, S., McCaffrey, A., Klassen, R. M., & York, U. (2016). Longitudinal examination of procrastination and anxiety, and their relation to self-efficacy for self-regulated learning: Latent growth curve modeling. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 6(1), 5-22.
Yong, F. L. (2010). A study on the assertiveness and academic procrastination of English and communication students at a private university. International Journal of Educational Research, 9(1), 62-72.