Issues of Defining the Predicate Musnad and Subject Musnad Ilayh between Grammarians and Rhetoricians

Abstract

This study presents an in-depth investigation into the nature of the "Musnad" (Predicate) and "Musnad Ilayh" (Subject)، the two fundamental pillars of any Arabic sentence، whether nominal or verbal. It explores the linguistic and terminological roots of the concept of isnād (predication)، illustrating the historical development of the terms "Musnad" and "Musnad Ilayh" since the time of Al-Khalil and Sibawayh. The research highlights the significant differences in their definitions and connotations among prominent grammarians، as meticulously surveyed by Al-Sirafi and Abu Hayyan Al-Andalusi. The study emphasizes that grammarians consider them the "pillars of speech" (ʻumdat al-kalām)، where neither can be dispensed with، underscoring the principle of explicit mention and prohibiting omission unless there is clear evidence.

Subsequently، the study shifts its focus to the rhetorical perspective، clarifying that while rhetoricians agree on the importance of the Musnad and Musnad Ilayh، they assign greater significance to the Musnad Ilayh in certain contexts، which explains the distinction between "deletion" (ḥadhf) for the Musnad Ilayh and "omission" (tark) for the Musnad. The research also examines the various forms of the Musnad and Musnad Ilayh concerning definiteness and indefiniteness، demonstrating that nominal sentences offer a wider scope for these diverse forms، each carrying specific purposes and connotations. It is highlighted that the general rule in declarative sentences is to precede the definite Musnad Ilayh with the indefinite Musnad to inform the addressee، though this rule can be altered for precise rhetorical aims. The study further delves into the issue of precedence between two definite Musnads and Musnad Ilayhs، revealing that this is governed by rhetorical considerations related to the addressee's knowledge and the speaker's intention، as exemplified in the presentation of demonstrative pronouns or personal pronouns and their associated emphatic meanings. The study concludes by discussing the issue of the Musnad and Musnad Ilayh being identical in wording but not in meaning، such as "Anā Anā" (I am I)، asserting that this identity conveys profound rhetorical implications like fame or constancy، thereby showcasing the intricate interplay between grammatical rules and rhetorical subtleties in the Arabic language.