JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES

Moral repetition in the poetry of Ibn al –Dahan al – Mosuli ( d . 581 A .H )

Nazhan Mahmoud Khalaf — 2025-03-25

Alhamdulillah prayers and peace be upon the Messenger of Allah. ,repetition is one if the phenomena inherent in our ancient and modern Arabic literature and is considered an aesthetic phenomenon in establishing the poetics of the text that has an effective role at the phonetic and semantic levels , The importance of repetition comes from its integration with other poetic elements, which contributes to the sophistication of the poetic experience and maintains the coherence and cohesion of the next , in order to achieve the goal of the study , the research was divided into an introduction and prefect , then the study of moral repetition , which represented three themes :lamentation , estrangement , and praise , and then a conclusion that included the most .

Criticism of Poetic Flaws in Early Islamic Poets

Wissam Sabah Dhari Saleh — 2025-03-25

The aim of the research was to show the criticisms of the defects of the meanings of poetry in the poets of the early Islamic era. We discussed the defects of meanings and styles in some of its poets, such as violating custom, and misinterpreting and contradicting the meaning. And the defects of wording and meter, such as: padding, notching, tailing, and change, with the presentation of poetic evidence attributed to their collections, and discussing the critics' statements in this regard. The poets of the early Islamic era were influenced by their religion, which was reflected in their vocabulary and the meanings in their poems. The poets of the early Islamic era fell into some of the poetic criticisms that their predecessors of the poets of the pre-Islamic era fell into, such as defects of wording and meter. Violating custom is based on the poet not following his predecessors in what they agreed upon of traditions of harmony of the meanings of words, such as the contradiction between colors or the connotations of words, which was found in many places among the poets of the early Islamic era. However, it is to the credit of the ancient critics that they were not biased or inclined to find fault with poets, but rather they sought excuses whenever possible, which the researcher agrees on in some places, such as the corruption of interpretation and others. The contradiction of meaning depended on bringing something and its opposite, which reduces the sincerity of expression and leads to semantic conflict between words, which is a successful approach from critics in which the poets of the early Islamic era and their predecessors agreed in terms of accuracy and error. Likewise, the padding among the poets of the early Islamic era depended on bringing a word that was not needed in the verse, and the underlining depends on the poet reducing some letters of the word; in order to control the meter, which some considered a defect in some of the poems of eloquent Arabs, which indicates that the poets of the early Islamic era fell into it as others did. The underlining is the addition of letters in the word, while the change is based on converting them to structures close to their original structures, and the two approaches meet in changing the structure of the word.

Insights into the Iraqi narrative between applied accountability and critical action

Mustafa Majbel Matab — 2025-03-25

This research is based on a vision that specifically summarizes the following questions: How do we study the text of interest in light in particular, as a qualitative procedural tool, and the stages of relying on what is relied upon? The answer to these questions is undoubtedly. We must know the foundations behind the term (criticism); It refers to the recorded and available historical indications that the world of literature has known criticism since ancient times, and then this global criticism was quickly known without this name being given to it, in Greece in the fourth century BC.

Grammatical directives that Ibn Malik (d. 672 AH) retracted in the book of facilitation

Loay Hatem Abdullah — 2025-03-25

The study is organized into an introduction, two chapters, and a conclusion, where the results are presented in the order they appear in the research, followed by a list of sources and references. The first chapter focuses on the grammatical directives that Ibn Malik revised in his book Al-Tashil concerning sentences. This chapter is divided into two sections: the first discusses his revisions related to nominal sentences and their governing elements, while the second examines the changes in his approach to verbal sentences and their complements, highlighting significant development in his grammatical perspective.
The second chapter addresses Ibn Malik's revisions in other areas of grammar, divided into four sections. The first section examines his revisions regarding built-in (mabni) structures, while the second focuses on the vocative style. The third section discusses his revisions in conditional sentences, and the chapter concludes with an exploration of his revisions in the area of appositives (al-tawaabi') in the fourth section. This detailed structure provides a comprehensive view of the grammatical changes adopted by Ibn Malik, shedding light on his progressive methodology in addressing grammatical rules.

Grammatical responses and their impact on enriching the grammar lesson, applications in selected models

Waleed Fayyad Hassan Saud — 2025-03-25

Grammarians and linguists have been accustomed to issuing and issuing grammatical rulings that are abundant in their books and writings. These rulings have even gone beyond books that combine language and literature. The purpose of adopting these responses is to give preference to the most correct responses and statements through discussions and objections that they have agreed upon with the term responses. These responses are based on different points of view, which are an important factor in enriching the grammatical and linguistic lesson. Through it, the value of the language, its structural and stylistic beauty, the breadth and flexibility of its uses, and the multiplicity of its aspects are known through grammatical objections and responses.

The research is based on isolating the statements of grammarians and linguists who differ in their points of view and studying the objections between them, which we find in books of language and literature, in contrast to the books in which responses are known between linguists and grammarians, such as Al-Kamil in Language and Literature and Ibn Al-Shajari’s Amalis, to which we limited our research study, which was in what is specific to praise, some cases of the relative pronoun, cases of deleting the interrogative letter, and cases of (Ama) between the condition and the conjunction

The effect of the strategy of creating mental links in developing reading skills among sixth grade primary school students

Nour Firas Abdul Karim Shabib — 2025-03-25

The study aimed to identify the effect of the strategy of creating mental links in developing reading skills among sixth-grade primary school students. The researcher adopted the experimental method with partial control, because it is the appropriate method for research procedures and reaching results. The research community consists of sixth-grade primary school students affiliated with the General Directorate of Salah al-Din Education, for the academic year (2023-2024 AD). The researcher intentionally chose Birds of Paradise Primary School, due to the presence of more than one sixth-grade primary school class. After conducting the draw, the researcher randomly chose experimental class (A) with (35) students after excluding (3) of the failed students, and control class (B) with (35) students after excluding (1) failed student.
The researcher identified the scientific material that the students of the two research groups will study during the experiment in the reading curriculum for the sixth grade of primary school within the first three topics of the reading subject for the year (2023-2024 AD), and relied on the method by which the information that answers the researcher’s questions or tests his hypotheses is collected, also called measurement methods such as questionnaires, interviews, observation and tests.
After analyzing the results, it became clear that the average scores of the experimental group students who studied using the mental links strategy in the achievement test were (18.09), and the average scores of the control group who studied using the traditional method were (14.03). When using the t-test for two independent samples to determine the difference between the two groups, it appeared that there was a statistically significant difference in favor of the experimental group, as the calculated t-value (11.515), at a significance level of (0.05) and with a degree of freedom of (68) is greater than the tabular t-value of (1.980). Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted due to the existence of a statistically significant difference at a level of (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental and control groups in favor of the experimental group. The researcher believes that the reasons for their superiority may be due to the following reasons: 1. Organizing the educational material within this strategy and dividing it into parts and in successive steps has the greatest impact on understanding and absorbing the study material,

The structural implications of the pillars of faith in Surat Ar-Ra'd

Hadeel Abdel Halim Dawood — 2025-03-25

The current study aims at investigating the to investigate the effect of sticky note strategy in developing vocabulary Al- Sulaymaniyah University. To achieve the aim of this study, Investigating the effect of sticky note strategy in developing vocabulary.To achieve the aims of this study, a hypotheses is assumed to be established there is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of experimental group in pre- and post-performance tests .A sample of sixty two students from the second stage at Al- Sulaymaniyah university, were randomly selected to carry out the study's aims and validate its hypotheses. The two groups are divided evenly, with group (A) being the experimental group and consisting of (31) students who have been instructed using sticky note strategy. Group (B) stands for the control group, which consists of (31) students who have received traditional instruction. Making a pre and post achievement test, Both groups have been equalized in such variables such as educational level of parents, English scores achievement in preceding year, and the pre-test of both groups. A posttest is made up of two oral questions and three written questions. The dependability coefficient has been validated using the Alpha-Cronbach method. A statistical study of the items has been done to determine the discrimination power and level of difficulty for each item. As a result, the post-test has been administered to the full sample. The formula for "the T-test of two independent and paired samples' has been employed to statistically analyze the data acquired from the post-test results. There is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group" when using the sticky note strategy. Appropriate recommendations and suggestion for future research are made in light of the study's results and conclusions.

The Subjective Inclination in the Poetry of Ibn Darrāj al-Qastallī

Ibtihal Abdul Karim Faisal — 2025-03-25

The term self is intrinsically human, linked to art as an eternal connection, as a speech directed at the human soul which stimulates it and activates its emotions to respond to and react with its aesthetic lesions to produce pleasure and pleasure. It is an interactive term in the production of creative text because it is an important means of detecting human experience at its internal and external levels, Where the sheds on the Anna to know and reveal all around it, whether compatible or different, the image of the self in the psychological perspective is not different from the image of the other there is a convergence between the two concepts where the self is the point of concentration in the world, where things start to appear until maturity , the poetic condition is only a biography of the self, in which the self emerges in one form or another intensity or weakness according to the requirements of the psyche of the poet, and the poet is only storyteller for the adventures of the soul and the needs of Hence the study reveals the relationship between the poet and the other represented in particular and the image of the hacker, and the place and its impact in the same poet and self and Almmdouh

Semiology of character in the novel (The Lion of Qasr El Nil) by Zein Abdel Hadi

Mohammed Abdullah Ghthwan — 2025-03-25

Semantic Correspondence in the Millennium of the Strange Words of the Qur’an By Al-Hafiz Al-Iraqi (d. 806 AH)

Qusay Qahtan Faisal — 2025-03-25

This research dealt with the linguistic and technical limits that the ancients and moderns set in the texts of their sayings, which were their way of clarifying the meaning to the reader, as well as studying and explaining the position of Al-Hafiz Al-Iraqi towards the phenomenon of semantic opposition, which is one of the important semantic phenomena in the language due to its effect on understanding the Quranic context, and was Al-Iraqi in fact one of those who included some of his sayings the meaning of opposition in his poem known as “Alfiyyah Gharib Al-Quran” in which he organized the book Tuhfat Al-Idrisi by Abu Hayyan Al-Andalusi (d. 745 AH) and counted him among those who said that this phenomenon occurred, whether he stated terms that indicated opposition and the talk revolved around it among the people of the language before him or understood its opposition from the opposite meaning of the words like all other ancient linguists. In addition to that, it presents and explains what the scholars have brought according to what was singled out from them in the research, and to whom Al-Iraqi relied in his interpretation of those organized words, or referred them in his organization. The nature of the research required that I divide it into three axes. The first axis dealt with semantic contrast, origination and renewal. The second axis was organized in contrast in language and terminology, and the concept of contrast among the ancients and moderns. As for the third axis, it included an analysis of the verses of the system on which the research is based, followed by a conclusion with the most prominent results of the research.

Moral Reasoning in Ann Cleeves’ Raven Black

Zahraa Jalal Kadhim — 2025-03-25

This paper delves into the ethical tensions present in Ann Cleeves' Raven Black through the lens of David Ross' The Right and the Good, focusing specifically on the character of Magnus Tait and his relationship with his mother. Ross' theory of prima facie duties—obligations that are morally binding unless outweighed by a more pressing duty—serves as a framework to explore Magnus' moral conflict. Magnus Tait, an isolated figure within the Shetland community, is deeply influenced by his duty to his mother that shapes his actions and perceptions. Ross' philosophy emphasizes that individuals often face conflicting duties, requiring careful moral reasoning to determine which duty takes precedence. In Raven Black, Magnus' sense of obligation to his mother—rooted in loyalty, care, and obedience—conflicts with his own needs and the expectations of the broader community. This paper explores how Magnus' duty to his mother becomes a source of internal conflict, particularly as it intersects with his loneliness and the suspicions cast upon him by the community. His sense of duty is further complicated by the harsh judgment of the society around him, which exacerbates his isolation and highlights the moral ambiguities in his character. Through the lens of Ross' ethical theory, Magnus' struggles are portrayed not merely as personal dilemmas but as reflections of broader moral challenges, where duty and the concept of right are constantly in tension. By examining Magnus Tait's moral conflict in Raven Black through the principles outlined in Ross' principle of prima facie duties, this paper offers a nuanced understanding of how a prima facie duty can both bind and burden individuals, especially within the complex fabric of human relationships.

Memory, Trauma, and Compromised Identities in Nadeem Aslam's Post-9/11 novel The Wasted Vigil (2008)

Saman Abdulqadir Hussein — 2025-03-25

The Wasted Vigil (2008) by Nadeem Aslam portrays the complicated interplay of memory, trauma, and identity in post-9/11 Afghanistan. This paper examines the impact of historical and political factors on the characters' experiences and their identities, using postcolonialism and trauma studies as its theoretical framework. It analyzes the interactions between memory and trauma as reflected in the characters' lives, as well as their views of their positions in the world, through a close reading of the novel's exquisite language and sophisticated narrative structure. The novel depicts trauma as it undermines the characters' identities, particularly as they navigate the intricate politics of Muslim culture in the postcolonial milieu. The article also investigates the remnants of war in post-9/11 Afghanistan, as well as the traumatic experiences of the Muslim characters. Finally, the paper examines war policies, highlighting the ways The Wasted Vigil challenges Western stereotyping of the unified self and merges its characters' shattered identities within the traditional Islamic teachings. The concluding thoughts contribute to a wider understanding of the complex dynamics of postcolonialism, trauma, and Muslim culture via examining the varied ways in which the novel illustrates the impact of history, culture and trauma on the characters' experiences and identities.

Language and Authority: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Power Structures in “The Hand’s maid Tale” by Margaret Atwood

Naseer Shukur Hussein — 2025-03-25

The current paper carries out a critical discourse analysis of the dominant language in Atwood’s “The Handmaid’s Tale”, which are controlled by the themes of power, control, and abuse. The researcher will analyze the discourse in two different methods to convey the messages of this totalitarian and patriarchal society of Gilead. The data chosen for analysis is macro and micro. The macro is represented by long extracts from the novel and the situation it represents, while the macro is represented by quotes as part of the discourse said by main characters in the tale that reflects or underlines the themes of the narration. The aim of the study is to reveal how language serve as both a tool of oppression and means of resistance in “Handmaid’s Tale” through a detailed analysis of key dialogue, narrative techniques, and character interactions. However, the problem of the study is highlighted with the power of manipulation language might impose on the mass. This is evident in the findings underscore the significant linguistic strategies in shaping collective identities and resilience in fictional world and contemporary society.

A Pragmatic Analysis of Reactions to Rumors on COVID-19 in Iraq

Riyadh Ameen Husein — 2025-03-25

A rumor is an unverified piece of information that often appear during general health crisis, conflict or war. Studying pragmatic functions of rumors on COVID-19 and vaccination are almost rare. Speech acts, which are a part of pragmatics, mean to perform actions by uttering words or phrases in a certain context. This study investigates how media rumors are functioning as pragmatic messages that influence the modern communication. Additionally, an attention is paid as well to the strategies of impoliteness that appear by the commenters as response to the rumor posted. This research hypothesizes that people use less impoliteness strategies as a reaction to rumor on general health. The second hypothesis assumes that people use only “requesting” as a form of “directive speech act” when the subject matter is about general health.

A Translational Analysis of Tony Blair's Political Texts

Athraa Mohammed Saleh — 2025-03-25

A large number of learners and researchers have no idea how political texts are analysed in terms of semantic and communicative translation with showing good results due to several strategies. The study aims at describing the translational analysis that contribute to the understanding of source text as a main tool to convey the main thoughts and ideologies in the political source speech, and explaining how to help the translator in producing target text. The study uses a qualitative analysis based on Newmark’s translational model with reference to its semantic and communicative aspects. A selected political texts of Tony Blair (the prime minister of Great Britain at that time) is taken into consideration within the period of power. The translation of these political texts is varied in terms of receivers and the semantics of the political speech plays a significant role in shaping public opinion and international perceptions of the UK's stance on the international issues, in terms of communicative translation analysis, the researcher announces that the Arabic language version of these utterances have been received differently by Arab audiences due to cultural and linguistic differences. The study recommends that translators and researchers must comprehend deeply the sociocultural contexts of both authentic and target mother tongues, they should concentrate on recognising and processing contextual variations to maintain suitable translations, they should think of employing mixed processes as integrating literal translation with modulation or adaptation can balance structural precision with cultural relevance.

Problems of Literal Translation in Translating Selected Quranic Verses into English

Ahmed Wael Hazim Al Banki — 2025-03-25

This research demonstrates the concept of accurate translation and its effect on the translation of Quranic verses in general for target readers. This research aims to serve Allah's Book, “the Noble Quran”, and it helps TL readers to understand the correct and accurate meanings of the verses, besides it shows the degree of accuracy for Quranic translators. This study hypothesizes that the TL readers are influenced by the translation issues, difficulties in finding out the correct meanings in some Quranic verses resulted from misinterpreting these verses by translators, while some the translators did not pay attention to the Quranic interpretations of the noble Quran, and most of them use the literal translation, this will often lead to inaccurate translations.
This research presents six verses with non-typical cases, and it presents the known interpretations of Ibn Katheer, Ibn Abbas, and Al-Zamakhshari to obtain the correct meanings for the selected verses, also, it selects five translators for analysis. and it suggests new translations when necessary.
This research reached some results; the most important is the one relying on the interpretations of the Noble Quran which is a necessity to know the correct meaning.

The Effect of Negotiation as an Interactive Technique on EFL Preparatory School Students' Metacognitive Skills

Kawakib Ghazi Fahad — 2025-03-25

This study aims at finding out the effect of negotiation as an interactive technique on EFL preparatory school students ’Metacognitive skills. This study hypothesizes that there are no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental group and that of the control group in metacognitive s kills. The present study is limited to The fifth class EFL students at Sommar Secondary School for Girls in Al -Alam town during the academic year 2021- 2022. The uses of Negotiation Technique inside classroom to promote students’ metacognitive skills. Finally it is concluded that the achievement of the experimental group who were taught by using negotiation technique has improved students metacognitive skills and applying the technique helps students lessen anxiety, shyness, and build self-confidence which helps them realize what they know about their cognition and how to regulate or control their cognition to perform something .

Assessing The Translation of Arabic Advertisement: Zain Iraq Telecom As a Case Study

Omar Ali Saleh — 2025-03-25

Advertisement is a distinguished form of communication that is delivered to its intended audience through various media including, newspaper, magazines, and websites. The current study is concerned with assessing the translation of advertisements on Zain Iraq telecommunication company's website. The study hypothesizes that adopting semantic translation to translate advertisement tends to deviant the original meaning. To achieve this, six advertisements along with its translations were selected as the sample of the study. The samples were assessed according to Newmark (1988) and Mona Baker's (2018) models. Each of these two models has its own strategies of translation. The study concludes that various strategies could be utilized in order to conduct the translation of advertisements. Semantic translation doesn't deviant the meaning of an advertisement.

Investigating The Translation and Adaptation of English Advertising Expressions into Arabic

Owrass Ahmed Issa — 2025-03-25

This paper aims to investigate the translation and adaptation of English advertising expressions into Arabic. The objective of the study is to provide insight into the strategies adopted by translators when translating and adapting advertising expressions. It focuses on the advertising translation strategies used in translating English advertising expressions and the obstacles faced by translators in this process. This study hypothesizes that using adaptation in translating advertisements significantly contributes to achieving reliable translation. Additionally, combining translation with approximation produces a reliable translation. It also hypothesizes that M.A. students have limited knowledge of advertising expressions. The study employs an analytical descriptive method, with data collected through a questionnaire administered to (6) M.A. translation students. This study adopts advertising translation strategies. In light of the findings, this study recommends that advertising translators should have a strong grasp of advertising expressions in both languages and consider both cultural and linguistic elements.
This study consists of eight sections: Section one represents the introduction of the study; section two outlines the concept of translation and adaptation; section three discusses the concept of advertisement; section four examines the conditions and types of adaptation; section five explores the topic of transcreation; section six focuses on strategies for translating advertising; section seven presents the analysis, while the findings and discussion are reported in section eight.

An Analysis of Speech Fillers Used by Biden

Rola Fawwaz Hammad Al-Faragy — 2025-03-25

The study aims to identify the speech fillers and their functions in one of Joe Biden’s political interviews. To achieve this, data were obtained from YouTube videos and subsequently analyzed and classified based on Stenstrom’s (1994) classification of speech fillers. A qualitative analysis was conducted to examine the functions of speech fillers, while a quantitative analysis was applied to calculate the percentages of their classification.
Major findings reveal that Biden utilizes all the types and functions of speech fillers according to the adopted model. The types are: pauses and lexical speech fillers. In addition, the functions are breathing, hesitation mark, filling pause, starter, empathizing, shift marker, editing term, mitigating, holding the turn, time creating device, and sequencer. Biden uses them at different rates. Therefore, in accordance with the findings, the researchers conclude that speech fillers are not usually viewed as a distractions of speaking. As learners of foreign language, we should understand that filler words are not necessarily seen as a distort in speech but also as a way to enhance our interaction and as part of the natural flow of discourse.

Problems of English Translation of the ‘Verb of Visual Perception رأى (ra’a)᾽ in the Noble Quran: A Semantic Study

Layth Nawfal Muhammed — 2025-03-25

This study investigates the English translation of the Arabic verb of visual perception رأى (ra’a) in the Noble Quran, adopting a semantic framework. The issue is that this verb is a multifaceted verb and requires a deep understanding and awareness of the context of the revelation of the surahs in which it occurs. Five translated ayahs containing the verb رأى with its variant forms have been chosen for the analysis. In doing so, the study adopts Nida's (1964) functional equivalence strategy. It is hypothesized that despite the fact that the meaning of this verb is grammatically governed and it is mostly metaphorically used, its translation is context-bound. This was clearly shown in the different translations given by the four translators, who have been adopted in this study, Kan, Pickthal, Sarwar, and Saheeh. The analyses also revealed that it is not an easy task to determine the meaning of this verb, particularly when a similar form of the verb occurs in more than one verse. Hence, the study recommends translators carefully deal with such a type of verb, particularly in the Quranic verses.

Unveiling Human Rights Discourse: A Comparative Analysis of Searle's and Bach & Harnish's Models of Speech Acts

Ayhan Abdulmuniem Ghaffori — 2025-03-25

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (henceforth UDHR) is the first international agreement agreed upon by the countries of the world to establish freedoms and rights. How the articles are detailed using different sorts of verbs, which act in the formula of engagements, is one of the rigorous efforts to systematically clarify the mechanisms of language. Any act in verbal communication has message in itself, so the communication is not only about language but also with act. Speech act is the utterance that happens and act denotes to an action. This study tries to view the different formulas of speech acts which are hired in the articles of UDHR. Searle's classification on one hand, and Bach and Harnish's innovations on the other, are used in this study in order to trace the development of the different use of speech acts and their effects on the power of each article. This study finds that speech acts theories (SAT) which are applied to UDHR do not only deliver insights on diverse strategies for communicating messages in discourse, but also clarify the dynamics of decoding meanings via speaker-hearer shared knowledge. However, the study concludes that SATs place too much weight on speaker’s intention, literal and non-literalness of utterances at the expense of other forces in communication.

Pragma-Semiotic Analysis of Iraqi Parliamentary Election Campaign Billboards: A Multimodal Approach

Sahira Mousa Salman — 2025-03-25

This study analyzes the electoral billboards used by candidates during (2018) Iraqi parliamentary elections, and investigates their semiotic designs, implicit meanings and their influence on voters’ insight. The candidates utilized these billboards as an effective tool in their electoral campaigns. The data of the study constitute (50) arbitrarily chosen billboards. The study attempts to identify the strategies utilized by candidates in designing their billboards. It provides a pragmatic and multimodal analysis of the slogans employed in the billboards. Searle's (1979) speech act theory has been exploited to realize the messages that candidates intend to convey to their voters. In addition, Kress and van Leeuwen's (2006) multimodal perspective is adopted to analyze the design of the billboards. It is hypothesized that the candidates adopt varied communicative strategies in their electoral billboards, exploiting linguistic and visual-grammar framework. The results reveal that the candidates employed (6) strategies that communicate different implications. It has also been shown that they highly prefer using white and blue colors in creating their billboards. Their crafting of slogans tends to be concise and phrasing, yet bear effective messages. The results also show that the most recurring kinds of speech acts utilized in the electoral slogans are representative and expressive which either convey implicit meanings of promising or asserting. Additionally, it has been concluded that the visual components including images, symbols, and wording interact with the slogans in order to produce significant messages targeting at impacting the voter’s attitude.

Self and Identity Concepts in Postmodernism: A Study of Samuel Beckett's "Not I"

Ansam Riyadh Abdulla Almaaroof — 2025-03-25

The Fragmented Self and Identity in Postmodernism: An Analysis of Harris Through “Not I” by Samuel Beckett. Postmodernism is a deliberate distancing of the self with itself, leading to disintegration of coherent subjectivity The premise of this paper is that the identity of character is fragmented when we analyze the character of Harris in the play. This study argues that the play subverts the typical notions of identity and presents a fractured and unstable self that keeps up with the complexities of the postmodern condition. The goal of the research is to explore how Beckham's work disintegrates the notion of a unified self, including the psychological and existential impact of this fragmentation. Research questions of interest to the understanding of the play may include: How does the play represent the fracture of the self? What is the role of alienation and disconnection in the shaping of identity in the play? What does the performative quality in “Not I” do to highlight postmodern conceptualizations of selfhood? The method entails an analysis that is textual and performative minded, based on Jean Baudrillard's theory of simulation and hyperreality. It explores how the play creates a hyperreal experience in which identity breaks down into multiplicities—a space of fragmentation between the voice (as the character's imagined identity) and the body of the performer (as a bio-subject separate from the narrative as told). Through a close reading of Beckett’s spare language, non-linear story, and disembodied character, the paper demonstrates how the play creates a simulated identity that only lives in fragments, without a unitary centre. These findings show that the play illustrates Baudrillard’s notion of the hyperreal wherein what constitutes the self is rendered thereby a simulation, neither truly present but also not wholly vanished. By representing identity as a construct, perpetually subverted through the alienation of voice, language, and meaning, Beckett critiques a postmodern condition. Beckett’s play, the paper concludes, ultimately forces audiences to think about the existential void left after stable identity is stripped away.

Identity, Experiences, and Agency in EFL Learning among Iraqi Students

Muthana Mohammed Badie — 2025-03-25

The significance of creating learning experiences should be included in the teaching-learning process. According to studies, education should be a comfortable, enjoyable, and motivating process for kids to develop into effective, self-reliant, life-oriented learners. When students believe they can affect the course of events and feel in control of many things that happen around them, they exhibit "agency." For students, this is crucial since it makes them more engaged in their education. Every choice and action a student makes will affect other people's thoughts, actions, and choices. Although there is currently a sizable amount of research on identity in the field of language education, the question of how well students can create identities that align with the opportunities and difficulties of contemporary multilingual classrooms has received far less attention. 10 Iraqi ELT students were selected as the subjects of the study who were asked and made an interview with them. Their interviews were scored holistically, and the results might not apply to every situation. Numerous factors that may have led to more lucid findings were not examined because of the brief research period and the restricted interaction with the focus students. A wider range of volunteers from various age groups, personalities, cultural origins, and educational levels should be the goal of future studies. One might say the same thing about an agency. Future research can thus help us better understand our varied student body and identify strategies that effectively promote agency, experience, and identity.