JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES

Ecstasy of the Self in the Poetry of Ibn Sana' al-Mulk between Manifestations of Pride and Inner Vanity

2025-10-17T11:04:10+00:00

The study sought to reveal the features of joy, elation, and contentment that emerged within the poet Ibn Sana' al-Mulk upon his genuine engagement with his artistic experience. This was achieved through tracing the manifestations of his pride and self-esteem in his individual identity, following his accomplishments that created distinction, fulfilled his ambition, enriched his self, and established his presence before others. This was reflected in his poetic language. Furthermore, it revealed the extent of his unique experience in expressing emotions, creating a psychological context that persuaded audiences. The study comprised an introduction and three chapters. The introduction examined ecstasy and the self, both linguistically and technically. It then provided a brief overview of the poet's life and the role of self-ecstasy in the poetry of the gardens of poetry. The first chapter examined the ecstasy of personal pride. The second chapter examined self-ecstasy in nasib poetry. The final chapter addressed the ecstasy of asceticism. It was followed by a conclusion and a list of sources and references.

The words "dhu" and "dhat" in Arabic grammar and the Holy Quran: A study of origin, meaning, and grammatical analysis

2025-11-26T08:28:50+00:00

Abstract:

This research examines the words "dhu" and "dhat" (meaning "possessor" and "owner"), two of the six nouns, and the two Tayy tribe words (meaning "that which" and "which"), as relative pronouns in Arabic grammar and the Holy Quran. These words are considered unique in the Arabic language and its grammar. The research stems from the importance of understanding the linguistic meaning of words, as they are tools for human communication and the linguistic interpretation of texts. Since the beginnings of linguistic study, Arab scholars have recognized the necessity of delving into the issues of word and meaning to serve the language of the Holy Quran and clarify its meanings. The first section of the research presents the linguistic origin of the words "dhu" and "dhat," their meanings, and their grammatical inflection in Arabic grammar and the Holy Quran. This is achieved through a study of the use of "dhu" as "possessor" and "dhat" as "owner," as they are among the six nouns. It also examines their use in the Tayy tribe language, meaning "that which" and "which." The second section focuses on the two words in the Holy Quran, exploring their various meanings, grammatical positions, and the number of times they appear. Their occurrence, along with an analysis of their Quranic contexts, reveals the breadth of their meaning, the subtlety of their style, and the beauty of the Quranic structure.

Through this, the research seeks to highlight the grammatical and semantic dimensions of these words and clarify their impact on enhancing a precise understanding of Arabic texts in general, and the texts of the Holy Quran in particular, thus fulfilling the goal of linguistic study in serving comprehension and clarifying the grammatical and Quranic meaning for the reader.

The Dialectic of Utopia and Dystopia in Bab al-Tabashir by Ahmed Saadawi

2025-11-26T08:12:38+00:00

In the world of The Chalk Door, utopia and dystopia emerge as two reflections of the same mirror, where salvation is sketched in fragile chalk lines upon prison walls, transforming hope into an illusion that thickens the bars rather than dismantles them. Consciousness wavers between the mirage of imagined doors and the futility of indifference, between a death presumed to be a utopia ending pain, only to reveal a deeper void. Ancient myths unfold as black books promising passage into alternate realms, yet merely replicate the void in more deceptive forms, while love flashes like lightning across a sky heavy with ruin, returning a fleeting meaning to life before vanishing without altering destiny. In the heart of an evacuated Baghdad, cities morph into tangible dystopias, where even cats become silent witnesses to the emptiness of both streets and soul. Meanwhile, the nebulous realms shimmer with lapis-lazuli hues to conceal their hollowness, turning utopia into a colored prison where exiles embrace their banishment willingly. Ultimately, the crimson door stands as a final sign that utopia is neither a place nor a deliverance, but rather a mental act of resistance that refuses to concede to the finality of walls—even if it remains merely a crimson scrawl on the wall of the mind

The Impact of the Tact Skill in the ABLLS-R Program on Language Development in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

2025-09-09T08:59:21+00:00

Tact is a core skill in Skinner’s analysis of verbal behavior and a key component of the Assessment of Basic Language and Learning Skills – Revised (ABLLS-R) program. This study examines the role of tact in supporting children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to use language more effectively and systematically. Research indicates that tact training expands vocabulary, strengthens the link between words and environmental stimuli, and enhances the ability to express objects and events clearly. Additionally, tact practice promotes the generalization of language skills to new contexts beyond the direct training environment, contributing to overall linguistic improvement. Emphasizing tact in educational and therapeutic interventions provides an effective strategy for fostering communication, supporting cognitive-linguistic development, and enabling children with ASD to engage more successfully in social and learning contexts. The findings highlight tact as a crucial tool in promoting structured language use and facilitating meaningful interactions for children with ASD.

شیکارییەکی بەراوردکاریی نێوان تیۆریی ئێکس-باڕ و تیۆریی ڕۆنانی فرێزە داماڵراوەکان(BPS) لە زمانی کوردیدا

2026-01-11T17:32:04+00:00

ئەم توێژینەوەیە بەناونیشانی(شیکارییەکی بەراوردکاریی نێوان تیۆریی ئێکس-بار و تیۆریی ڕۆنانی فرێزە داماڵراوەکان (BPS) لە زمانی کوردیدا)یە، هەڵسەنگاندنێکی بەراوردکاریی لە نێوان دوو تیۆریی سەرەکی لە بواری سینتاکسدا پێشکەش دەکات، کە بریتین لە تیۆریی "ئێکس-بار (X-bar Theory)" و تیۆریی ڕۆنانی فرێزە داماڵراوەکان. (Bare Phrase Structure - BPS) تیۆریی ئێکس-بار، کە لە دەیەکانی ١٩٧٠ و ١٩٨٠ پەرەی پێدرا، چوارچێوەیەکی ستاتیکی و سێ ئاستیی (XP، X'، X) بۆ شیکردنەوەی پێکهاتەی فریزەکان خستەڕوو. هەرچەندە ئەم تیۆرییە لە سەرەتادا بۆ مۆدێلکردنی ڕستەسازی سوودی هەبوو، بەڵام بەهۆی چەند کەموکوڕییەکەوە ڕووبەڕووی ڕەخنە بووەوە، لەوانە گریمانەکردنی ئاستەکانی فرێز بە شێوەیەکی پێشوەختە و ناچالاک.

لە بەرامبەردا، تیۆریی ڕۆنانی فرێزە داماڵراوەکان (BPS)، کە لەلایەن چۆمسکییەوە لەناو "پڕۆگرامی کەمینە (Minimalist Program)" لە ساڵی ١٩٩٥ پێشکەشکرا، بە لابردنی ئاستە زیادەکان و پشت بەستن بە کردەی "لێکدان (Merge)"، شۆڕشێکی لە تێگەیشتن لە پێکهاتەی ڕستەدا بەرپا کرد BPS. پێکهاتەکان بە شێوەیەکی داینامیکی و وەرگیراو دروستدەکات، کە ئەمەش وا دەکات پێشبینییەکی جێگیری وەک 'X یان XP بوونیان نەمێنێت.

توێژینەوەکە بە وردی سوود و تایبەتمەندییەکانی هەردوو تیۆرییەکە لەسەر نموونەی زمانی کوردی تاوتوێدەکات. ئەنجامەکان دەریدەخەن کە تیۆریی BPS بەهۆی سادەیی، ئابووری و توانای زیاتری بۆ شیکردنەوەی دیاردە سینتاکسییەکانی زمانی کوردی، بە تایبەت لە ڕووی گونجان لەگەڵ فۆڕمە فۆنۆلۆجی و واتاییەکانەوە، تیۆرییەکی گونجاوتر و بەهێزترە. ئەم توێژینەوەیە جەخت لەسەر ئەوە دەکاتەوە کە BPS سیستەمێکی داینامیکی و وەرگیراو پێشکەشدەکات، کە باشتر لەگەڵ ئامانجەکانی پڕۆگرامی کەمینەدا دەگونجێت.

ئەتڵەسی مۆرفۆلۆژیی بنزاری کەلار

2026-01-11T18:20:09+00:00

ئەتلەسی زمانناسی یەکێکە لە گرنگترین بوارەکانی توێژینەوەی زمان، کە بە هۆی توێژینەوەی شێوەزارە جیاوازەکان پێشکەوتنی زۆری بەخۆوە بینیوە. ئەم توێژینەوەیە کە بە ناونیشانی «ئەتلەسی مۆرفۆلۆژی شێوەزاری کەلار» ناسراوە، ئامانجی شیکردنەوەی ١٥ گۆڕانکاری مۆرفۆلۆژی لە شێوەزاری گەرمێانی–کەلار و نیشاندانەوەی ئەوان لەسەر نەخشەیەکی جوگرافی هەیە. توێژینەوەکە پشت بە ڕێبازی وەسفی–مەیدانی–کۆکردنەوەی داتا بەستووە و ڕێبازی فەرەنسی بەکارهێنراوە. زانیارییەکان لە ٣٩ گوندی سەر بە کەلار کۆکراونەتەوە، لە هەر گوندێک ١ تا ٧ کەس بەشداربوون، زۆربەیان لە کەسانی تەمەن‌باڵا بوون. داتا کۆکراوەکان بە شێوەی ئاماری شیکراون بۆ دیاریکردنی ڕێژەی ڕاستی گۆڕاوە مۆرفۆلۆژییەکان و پیشاندانیان لەسەر نەخشەی زمان–جوگرافی.

ڕۆڵی هێما نازمانییەكان لە ئابووریكردن لەزماندا

2026-01-11T18:55:57+00:00

ئاشكرایە، كە زمان لە دۆخێكی جێگیر نامێنێتەوە، بەڵكو هەمیشە لە پێشكەوتن و گۆڕاندایە، گۆڕانكاڕییە بەردەوامەكانی ژیانی مرۆڤ ڕاستەوخۆ كاریگەرییان لە سەر گۆڕانی زماندا هەیە. واته‌ زمان سیستەمێکی داینامیکییە، بەردەوام لە پەرەسەندندایە بۆ دابینکردنی پێداویستییە گۆڕاوەکانی کۆمەڵ‌. لەگەڵ ئاڵۆزبوونی ژیان، مرۆڤ بە شێوەیەکی سروشتی بەدوای ڕێگەی کارادا دەگەڕێت بۆ پەیوەندیکردن، بە ئامانجی پاراستنی کات و وزە. لەم چوارچێوەیەدا، هێما نازمانییەکان، وەک: (هێماکانی هاتوچۆ، هێماكانی بازرگانی، ئیمۆجی، ...هتد.) ڕۆڵێکی گرنگ دەگێڕن، ئەم هێمایانه‌ش لە یەک کاتدا مانای ڕوون دەگەیەنن و زۆرجار بە شێوەیەکی گشتگیر دەناسرێنەوە، بەبێ گوێدانە ئاستی خوێندەواری کەسێک. هێما نازمانییەكان وه‌ك جۆرێك لە جۆرەكانی هێما، مرۆڤ لە كۆنەوە بۆ پەیوەندیكردن و له‌یه‌كترگه‌یشتن بەكاریده‌هێنێت. ئاڵۆزی ژیان وایكردووه‌، مرۆڤ لەبارترین ڕێگا بگرێتەبەر بۆ ڕێكخستنی ژیان، به‌ سەرفكردنی كەمترین وزە و كات، هەر ئەمەش وایكردووە، مرۆڤ بیر لە ئابووریكردن بكاتەوە، بۆ ئه‌م ‌مه‌به‌سته‌ش ئارەزووی ئاسانكردنی دەربڕینی لادروستده‌بێت، بەمەبەستی پاراستنی وزە و سوككردنی ئەو ئەركەی دەكەوێتە سەر ماسولكەكانی ئەندامەكانی ئاخاوتن، هێما ناجووڵەییەكانیش له‌مباره‌یه‌وه‌ ڕۆڵی گرنگ له‌ ئابووریكردنی زمان ده‌بینین، ئه‌مه‌ش له‌ ڕێگه‌ی خێرایی گه‌یاندنی واتاكانیان و كه‌مكردنه‌وه‌ی وزه‌ له‌ نووسین و ئاخاوتندا، له‌م ڕوانگه‌یه‌وه‌ ئه‌م توێژینه‌وه‌یه‌ تاوتوێی چه‌ند هێماییه‌كی نازمانی جیاواز په‌یوه‌ست به‌ ئابووریكردنی زمانیی ده‌كا‌ت.

شیعرییەتی دیالۆگ لە هۆنراوەكانی تەڵعەت تاهیردا

2026-01-11T19:24:11+00:00

دیالۆگ بە تەكنیكێكی گرنگی ئەدەبی دادەنرێت، بەتایبەت لە ژانری پەخشان ئامێزدا، بەڵام لەگەڵ هەڵكشانی ئەدەب و تێڕوانینی ڕەخنەی هاوچەرخدا، ئاوێتەبوونی ژانرەكان دەبێت بە دیاردەیەكی ئەدەبی، لەم سۆنگەوە دیالۆگ وەكو تەكنیك لەشیعری هاوچەخدا بەفراوانی ڕەنگیداتەوە. شاعیر تەڵعەت تاهیر وەكو دەنگێكی نوێی شیعری هاوچەرخی كوردی بەشێوەیەكی بەرچاو لە بنیاتی دەقی شیعرەكانیدا سودی لەم تەكنیكە وەرگرتووە. ئەم توێژینەوەیە هەوڵێكە بۆ دەرخستنی تواناكانی شاعیر لە مەزراندنی تەكنیكی دیالۆگ لە هۆنراوەكانی تەڵعەت تاهیردا و هەوڵدەدات كار لەسەر بنەماكانی شیعرییەتی دیالۆگ بەئەنجام بگەیەنێت، چونكە زۆربەی ئەو توێژینەوانەی لەبوای تەكنیكی دیالۆگ لەشیعری هاوچەرخی كوردیدا ئەنجامدراون زیاتر كاریان لەچوارچێوەی ئەم تەكنیكەدا كردووە لەبەر ڕۆشنایی هونەریی چیرۆكیدا. توێژینەوەكەمان بەئاقارێكی جیاواز لەوانەی پێش خۆی كاری كردووە و هەوڵیداوە لەچوارچێوەی چەمكی شیعرییەتدا شیكردنەوە و ڕاڤە بۆ تەكنیكەكە بكات، بەواتایەكی دیكە توێژینەوەكە دەیەوێت وەڵامی ئەو پرسیارە بداتەوە كە ئایا دیالۆگ چ زیادەیەكی خستووەتە سەر خەرمانی شیعرییەتی دەق؟ بۆ بەئەنجام گەیاندنی توێژینەوەكە و گەیشتن بە ئامانجەكانی پشت بە میتۆدی وەسفیی شیكاری بەستراوە. پێكهاتەی توێژینەوەكە دابەشكراوە بەسەر دوو تەوەردا؛ تەوەری یەكەم لەڕووی تیۆرییەوە تیشك دەخاتە سەر شیعرییەت و دیالۆگ لەئەدەبدا، تەوەری دووەم شیكاریی و ڕاڤەیە بۆ شیعرییەتی دیالۆگ لە هۆنراوەكانی تەڵعەت تاهیردا. لەگرنگترین ئەو ئەنجامانەی توێژینەوەكە بەدەستی هێناون: تەڵعەت تاهیر دیالۆگی مەزراندووە لەبەرهەمهێنانی شیعرییەتی دەقدا، بەجۆرێك شاعیر توانیویەتی لەڕێی تەكنیكێكی دیاری گێڕانەوەوە ئاستی شیعرییەتی هۆنراوەكانی بەرز بكاتەوە و دەقەكانی سیمای شیعرییان بەسەردا زاڵ بێت.

The Impact of Response to Intervention Strategy on EFL Iraqi Primary School Pupils' Reading Comprehension

2026-01-11T19:36:53+00:00

The current study aims to find out the impact of the Response to Intervention (RTI) strategy on improving reading comprehension skills of Iraqi primary school pupils learning English as a foreign language. Recognizing the critical role of reading comprehension in language acquisition, the study is based on two hypotheses: There is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group taught using the Response to Intervention strategy and the control group taught using the prescribed method in the posttest. There is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group in the pretest and posttest. To achieve the aim of this study and verify its hypotheses, a non-randomized experimental group pretest-posttest group design has been chosen. The pupils have been taught during the academic year 2024-2025 in English subject. The sample comprises 68 sixth-grade pupils selected from Al-Khansaa'1^st School for Girls in Tikrit City. The experimental group, consisting of 34 pupils, was taught using the Response to Intervention strategy, while the control group, also consisting of 34 pupils, received instruction through the prescribed traditional method. A posttest contains six questions, which are constructed to collect data. Face and content validity have been achieved. The reliability coefficient has been verified, and the researcher herself teaches both groups. The data collected from the posttest results have been analyzed statistically by using a t-test to measure the pupils' performance. The results show that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group and control group in posttest. Moreover, there is a statistically significant difference between the mean score of the experimental group in pre and posttest. which indicates that Response to Intervention strategy is more effective than the prescribed method. The study ends with recommendations and suggestions for further studies based on the obtained results.

The Impact of Syntax Surgery Technique on EFL Intermediate School Students’ Writing Skill

2026-01-11T19:51:21+00:00

This study aims at finding out the impact of syntax surgery technique on EFL intermediate school students’ writing skill. It is hypothesised that “there is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the mean scores of students' achievement of the first experimental group which is taught by Syntax Surgery technique and that of the control group which is taught by the prescribed method in writing post-test”. To verify the hypothesis of this study and achieve its aim, a quasi-experimental ‘Post-test – Equivalent-Group Design’ is employed. Two groups are randomly selected from the second intermediate grade in Al-Zahra Intermediate School for Girls to represent the sample of the study which is (50) students, each group consists of (25) students. The two groups are equalized in terms of age, the academic level of their parents and level of achievement in English language for the previous year (2023-2024). Then the first experimental group is taught by Syntax Surgery technique, whereas the second experimental group is taught by the prescribed method. After achieving the validity of the test, a pilot study is conducted on 20 students. Then the two groups are subjected to the same post-test in writing composition. T-test for two independent samples has been used to analyse data statistically. The result has shown that there is a statistically significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in writing post-test, in favour of the experimental group. Conclusions and recommendations are presented in the light of the results collected.

The Impact of a Discourse- Oriented Model on EFL University Students’ Speaking Performance

2026-01-11T20:07:31+00:00

The current study aims to find out the effect of a discourse-orientated model on EFL university students’ speaking performance. It tests the following hypothesis: there are no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental group and the control group in their speaking performance. The researcher adopts a quasi-experimental design, specifically a "non-randomized control group pre-posttest design", to verify the hypothesis and achieve the aim of the present study. The sample for this study comprises 60 second-stage students from the English department at the College of Education for Women at Tikrit University, distributed into two groups, experimental and control, with 30 students for each. Both groups have been equalized in some variables. The findings indicate that, following the statistical analysis of the data, there are statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups, with the experimental group benefiting from instruction using a discourse-orientated model for speaking performance.

Morphological Productivity of Derivation, Compounding and Conversion process in English: A quantitative Corpus-Based Study

2025-12-02T07:03:13+00:00

Morphological productivity is explained as the capability of a certain word formation process in producing the highest distinct word forms. Moreover, it refers to the availability of that process in the language and making new words continuously. Thus, this paper aims at investigating about the productivity of three English word formation processes theoretically and practically namely, derivation, compounding, and conversion. Accordingly, it demonstrates explanation about the nature and procedure of each process theoretically along with comprehensive examples. On the other hand, it declares their productivity practically (quantitatively) by examining the (3000) data words from the corpus. The words are selected by the researcher alphabetically from English dictionaries for designing the corpus. Besides, the selected words are defined in terms of content words only, including (nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs). It is worth mentioning that, the data is analyzed in terms of word-type based analysis which means the frequency of the different word forms are counted that is resulted from each single process.

Translating Culturally-Loaded Phraseological Units: A Study of Foreignization and Domestication

2026-01-11T20:32:11+00:00

This study critically examines the translational efficacy of domestication and foreignization strategies in rendering culturally embedded English idiomatic expressions into Arabic. Grounded in Venuti’s conceptual framework and Sager’s linguistic criteria notably inversion, omission, addition, and deviation the research interrogates how idioms, as culture-bound units, are mediated across linguistically and socioculturally divergent systems. Recognizing the communicative complexities inherent in idiomatic translation, the study posits that the choice of strategy directly affects semantic fidelity and audience accessibility. Four hypotheses are advanced, most prominently that domestication, despite its infrequent application, is superior in achieving both interpretive clarity and cultural appropriateness for Arabic-speaking audiences. This approach aligns the source-language idioms with target-language cultural norms, enhancing reader comprehension. Conversely, foreignization, while preserving source-text integrity, may impede interpretive fluidity due to its emphasis on cultural otherness. Through the analysis of ten idioms extracted from advanced English discourse, the research identifies three critical factors compromising translational quality: (1) reliance on dictionary meanings without contextual calibration, (2) neglect of cultural and pragmatic context, and (3) overuse of additive techniques that distort intended meaning. The research concludes that domestication more effectively preserves culturally nuanced semantics, facilitating meaningful cross-cultural communication. However, it cautions against overcorrection, advocating for a balanced translational praxis that harmonizes semantic precision with cultural resonance. Recommendations emphasize enhanced translator sensitivity to contextual and cultural variables to improve idiomatic accuracy in Arabic translation.